The Workforce: Data Presentation

Percentage of Workers per Occupational Category by Age, March 2000

Total employee numbers in thousands.
	Total Employees	%Distribution by Age
		18-34 Years Old	35-64 Years Old
Exec., admin., managerial	19,050	27.4	72.6
Professional specialty	20,060	32.2	67.8
Technical & related support	4,342	40.6	59.4
Sales	14,757	42.1	57.2
Admin. support, including clerical	18,137	39.6	60.4
Private household service	779	31.5	68.5
Other service	16,258	46.4	53.6
Prec. prod., crafts, and repair	14,066	34.3	65.7
Mach. oper., assemb., and inspectors	7,181	38.6	61.4
Transport. & material moving	5,071	35.1	64.9
Handlers, equip. cleaners, & laborers	4,907	55.0	45.0
Farming, forestry and fishing	2,839	36.5	63.5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. "Table 6. Educational Attainment of Employed Civilians 18 to 64 Years, by Occupation, Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: March 2000," December 19, 2000.Retrieved December 12,2001 from http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/education/p20-536/tab06.txt.

Retirement and Job Openings — 2000-10

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated.
	Jobs Created by Retirement	Job Openings Needed To Be Filled	% Change intirement, 1993-98 to 2003
Airline pilots, navigators	27	38	172.7
Management analysts	44	189	152.0
Teachers, special education	57	197	135.4
Photographers	26	48	94.8
Teachers aides	264	565	91.8
Industrial engineers	26	33	87.6
Social welfare clerks	45	34	85.0
Human resources	38	66	83.6
Postal clerks, ex mail carriers	2	18	81.0
[Continued]

Retirement and Job Openings — 2000-10 [Continued]

	Jobs Created by Retirement	Job Openings Needed To Be Filled	% Change in Retirement, 1993-98 to 2003
Police, detective supervisors	32	48	80.2
Plumbers, pipe-and steamfitters	83	134	73.6
Financial managers	101	223	73.1
Psychologists	42	75	73.0
Social workers	52	193	72.0
Lawyers	45	168	71.6
Administrators, education	117	178	70.6
Teachers, elementary	349	551	68.8
Registered nurses	443	1,004	62.6
Chemists	27	43	57.6
Source: Dohm, Arlene. "Gauging the labor force effects of retiring baby-boomers." Monthly Labor Review, July 2000. Retrieved November 26, 2001 from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/07/art2full.pdf; Daniel E. Hecker "Occupational employment projections to 2010." Monthly Labor Review, November 2001.

Job Openings and Number of Degrees Conferred, by Occupation

Numbers in thousands. Projections are based on data from 1993-1998. Over this 5-year period, the number of degrees conferred has remained steady. Degrees conferred under the occupation Registered nurses include all nursing degrees. Degrees conferred under Social workers include only Master's degree or higher. The standard requirement for a job in social work is a Master's degree. Degrees conferred under the occupation Management analysts include all business administration and management degrees.
	Total Job Openings, 2000-2010	Degrees Conferred, 1998-2008
Registered nurses	1,004	538
Teachers, elementary school	551	602
Financial managers	223	262
Teachers, special education	197	214
Social workers	193	152
Management analysts	189	1,422
Administrators, education and related	178	140
Lawyers	168	398
Psychologists	75	38
Personnel and labor relations managers	66	16
Photographers	48	10
Chemists	43	146
Industrial engineers	33	56
Source: Dohm, Arlene. "Gauging the labor force effects of retiring baby-boomers." Monthly Labor Review, July 2000. Retrieved November 26, 2001 from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/07/art2full.pdf; Daniel E. Hecker. "Occupational employment projections to 2010." Monthly Labor Review, November 2001. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. Digest of Education Statistics, 1997-2000 editions. Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, various publication dates.

Projected Job Openings (2000-2010) as Percentage of Total 2010 Employment in Occupation

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated.
	Job Openings (2000-10) as % of Total 2010 Employment	Job Openings 2000-2010	Employment 2010
Supervisors, police and detective	35.3	48	136
Eligibility clerks, government programs	32.1	34	106
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	29.5	38	129
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	24.2	134	554
Postal service clerks	23.7	18	76
Source: Hecker, Daniel E. "Occupational employment projections to 2010." Monthly Labor Review, November 2001.

Percentage of the Labor Force by Gender and Participation Rates, 1950-2025

Numbers in percent.
	% of Workforce		Participation Rate
	Men	Women	Men	Women
1950	70.4	29.6	86.4	33.9
1960	66.6	33.4	83.3	37.7
1970	61.9	38.1	79.7	43.3
1980	57.5	42.5	77.4	51.5
1990	54.8	45.2	76.1	57.5
1998	53.7	46.3	74.9	59.8
2015	52.0	48.0	72.2	61.9
2025	52.3	47.7	68.8	58.1
Source: Fullerton Jr., Howard N., "Labor force participation: 75 years of change, 1950-98 and 1998-2025." Monthly Labor Review, December 1999.

Women as Percentage of Total Workforce by Occupation, 1975, 1995, 2000

Numbers in percent.
	1975	1995	2000
Managerial and professional specialty	34.8	48.0	49.9
Technical, sales, administrative support	61.3	64.4	64.2
Service occupations	61.0	60.0	60.1
Precision production, craft, repair	5.5	8.9	9.8
[Continued]

Women as Percentage of Total Workforce by Occupation, 1975, 1995, 2000 [Continued]

	1975	1995	2000
Operators, fabricators, laborers	24.4	24.3	23.3
Farming, forestry, fishing	14.0	19.9	22.5
Source: Wooten, Barbara H., "Gender differences in occupational employment", Monthly Labor Review, April 1997. Retrieved December 6, 2001 from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1997/04/art2full.pdf; U.S. Census Bureau. Special Populations Branch, Population Division. "Table 11. Major Occupation Group of the Population 16 Years and Over by Sex: March 2000." Current Population Survey, March 2000. Retrieved December 6, 2001 from http:// www.census.gov.

Job Losses and Gains by Gender During Periods of Decline and Recovery in Employment, 1970-1993

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated.
	% of Jobs Gained or Lost		Total Number of Jobs Gained or Lost
	Men	Women
March 1970-Nov. 1970	-92.1	-7.9	-1,051
Nov. 1970-Sept. 1971	59.5	40.5	1,231
Oct. 1974-April 1975	-72.3	-27.7	-2,271
April 1975-Feb. 1976	49.3	50.7	2,308
March 1980-July 1980	-87.3	-12.7	-1,319
July 1980-Jan. 1981	40.9	59.1	1,327
July 1981-Nov. 1982	-95.1	-4.9	-2,761
Nov. 1982-Nov. 1983	48.0	52.0	3,078
June 1990-Feb. 1992	-94.1	-5.9	-2,092
Feb. 1992-April 1993	46.5	53.5	2,029
Source: Goodman, William, "Women and jobs in recoveries: 1970-93." Monthly Labor Review, July 1994. Retrieved December 6, 2001 from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1994/07/art4full.pdf.

Distribution of the Labor Force, 16 Years Old and Older, 1988-2008

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated.
	Total Employment			% of Workforce Population
	1988	1998	2008	1988	1998	2008
White	104,756	115,415	126,665	86.1	83.8	81.9
Black	13,205	15,982	19,101	10.9	11.6	12.4
Hispanic	8,982	14,317	19,585	7.4	10.4	12.7
Asian	3,708	6,278	8,809	3.0	4.6	5.7
Source: Fullerton, Jr. Howard N.. "Labor force projections to 2008: steady growth and changing composition." Monthly Labor Review, November 1999.

Percentage of Labor Force by Race, Entrants and Leavers, 1988-1998

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated.
	Total Labor Force, 1998	Percentage of
		Entrants	Leavers	Difference
White non-Hispanicack	101,767	21.0	15.5	5.5
non-Hispanic	15,589	29.6	12.8	16.8
Hispanic	14,317	43.7	6.4	37.3
Asian, and other non-Hispanic	6,000	46.4	5.8	40.6
Source: Fullerton, Jr., Howard N., "Labor force projections to 2008: steady growth and changing composition." Monthly Labor Review, November 1999.

High School and College Completion Rates, by Rates, 1974-2000

Numbers in percent.
	High School			College
	White	Black	Hispanic	White	Black	Hispanic
1974	NA	NA	NA	14.0	5.5	5.5
1975	NA	NA	NA	14.5	6.4	6.3
1976	NA	NA	NA	15.4	6.6	6.1
1977	NA	NA	NA	16.1	7.2	6.2
1978	NA	NA	NA	16.4	7.2	7.0
1979	NA	NA	NA	17.2	7.9	6.7
1980	70.5	51.2	45.3	17.8	7.9	7.9
1981	71.6	52.9	44.5	17.8	8.2	7.7
1982	72.8	54.9	45.9	18.5	8.8	7.8
1983	73.8	56.8	46.2	19.5	9.5	7.9
1984	75.0	58.5	47.1	19.8	10.4	8.2
1985	75.5	59.8	47.9	20.0	11.1	8.5
1986	76.2	62.3	48.5	20.1	10.9	8.4
1987	77.0	63.4	50.9	20.5	10.7	8.6
1988	77.7	63.5	51.0	20.9	11.2	10.1
1989	78.4	64.6	50.9	21.8	11.8	9.9
1990	79.1	66.2	50.8	22.0	11.3	9.2
1991	79.9	66.7	51.3	22.2	11.5	9.7
1992	80.9	67.7	52.6	22.1	11.9	9.3
1993	81.5	70.4	53.1	22.6	12.2	9.0
1994	82.0	72.9	53.3	22.9	12.9	9.1
1995	83.0	73.8	53.4	24.0	13.2	9.3
1996	82.8	74.3	53.1	24.3	13.6	9.3
1997	83.0	74.9	54.7	24.6	13.3	10.3
1998	83.7	76.0	55.5	25.0	14.7	11.0
[Continued]

High School and College Completion Rates, by Rates, 1974-2000 [Continued]

	High School			College
	White	Black	Hispanic	White	Black	Hispanic
1999	84.3	77.0	56.1	25.9	15.4	10.9
2000	84.9	78.5	57.0	26.1	16.5	10.6
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. "Table A-2. Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940-2000." December 19, 2000. Note: NA stands for data not available.

Foreign Born Population, 1960 and 2000

Numbers in thousands, except where indicated. Data include only those for which region of birth was reported.
	Number of Foreign Born		% Distribution
	1960	2000	1960	2000
Total	9,678	28,379	100	100
Europe	7,256	4,355	75	15
Asia	491	7,246	5	25
Latin America	908	14,477	9	51
Other	1,023	2,301	11	9
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. "Table 2. Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 1850 to 1930 and 1960 to 1990," March 9, 1999. Retrieved March 26, 2002 from http://www.census.gov;U.S. Census Bureau. "Table 3.1 Foreign-Born Population by Sex, Age, and World Region of Birth: March 2000," January 3, 2001. Retrieved March 26, 2002 from http://www.census.gov.

15-to 17-Year Olds Working Illegally as a Percentage of Total Youth Labor Force: 1971-1997

	% of 15-to 17-Year Old Workers Working			% of 15-to 17-Year Olds Who Work
	In Hazardouscupations	Excessive Hours	Illegally
1971-75	2.6	2.4	4.9	25.8
1976-80	2.4	2.6	4.8	27.7
1981-85	2.1	2.0	4.0	24.5
1986-90	1.9	2.1	3.9	26.0
1991-94	1.6	1.5	3.0	21.4
1995-97	1.9	1.4	3.1	24.3
Source: Kruse, Douglas and Douglas Mahony. National Bureau of Economic Research. "Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics." Working Paper 6479, March 1998.

Detected Illegal Employment of Minors, 1990-2000

For 1990, data for number of violations found rather than the number of workplaces with violations.
	1990	1992	1994	1996	1998	2000
Workplaces with violations	42,000	16,410	9,148	7,322	9,776	10,806
Illegally employed minors	38,000	8,537	12,959	7,577	16,535	6,098
Total inspections	NA	NA	48,918	48,414	49,288	52,401
Child labor enforcement officers (average)	NA	36.5	40.0	8.5	22.0	40.0
Source: Child Labor Coalition. "Overview on enforcement." Child Labor in the US. Retrieved November 30, 2001 from http:// www.stopchildlabor.org/USchildlabor/enforcementoverview.htm. Child Labor Coalition. "State Survey Chart on Child Labor." Child Labor in the US. Retrieved November 30, 2001 from http://www.stopchildlabor.org/USchildlabor/kidchart.htm. Notes: NA stands for data not available.

Estimated Illegal Workforce Population for Top 10 Country of Origin, 1996

	1996
Total	3,340,000
Mexico	1,795,500
El Salvador	222,775
Guatemala	109,725
Canada	80,160
Haiti	70,140
Philippines	63,460
Honduras	59,850
Dominican Republic	49,875
Poland	46,760
Nicaragua	46,760
Source: U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1996. Retrieved November 26, 2001 from http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/repsstudies/report.pdf. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. "Table 5. Civilian labor force participation rates for selected demographic groups, annual averages, 1948-2000." Retrieved December 3, 2001 from http://www.bls.gov/opub/rtaw/pdf/table05.pdf.

Total Illegal Workers Arrested by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1994-1999

The estimates for 1998 and 1999 were derived by the editor using a figure of 450,000 illegal immigrants. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that between 400,000 and 500,000 illegal immigrants entered the U.S. annually in the 1990's.
	Illegal Immigrants	Illegal Workers, est.	Arrests	Arrest (%)
1994	4,755,000	3,166,830	7,554	0.00238
1997	5,120,000	3,435,520	17,552	0.00511
1998	5,570,000	3,737,470	13,914	0.00372
1999	6,020,000	4,039,420	2,849	0.00071
Source: U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1997-1999 editions. Retrieved November 28, 2001 from http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/. Note: est. stands for estimated.