Employment Trends: Data Presentation

100 Years of Sectoral Change

Thousands of employees and percent of total.
	Employment 1900	Employment 2000	Percent 1900	Percent 2000
Agriculture	11,680	3,281	43.5	2.4
Goods	7,252	25,710	27.0	18.8
Services	6,832	85,370	25.4	62.5
Government	1,094	22,131	4.1	16.2
Total	26,858	136,492	100.0	100.0
Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Washington, DC, 1975 (for 1900 data); Bureau of Labor Statistics and Bureau of the Census for data on the 2000 structure of employment.

Major Sectors over 20 Years

Values in thousands of employees.
	1980	1990	2000
Agriculture	3,364	3,223	3,281
Goods Producing	25,658	24,905	25,710
Services Producing	48,506	66,194	85,370
Government	18,292	20,348	22,131
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1950 to date, downloaded January 2002 from http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm. Data for agricultural employment, from BLS, was published in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Table 672, p. 420. Included in totals for the government are data not reported by BLS but obtained from U.S. Department of Defense, published in Statistical Abstract, 2000, Table 579, p. 168. The military on active duty for the year 2000, included but not shown, was estimated from 1998 data by the editors.

The Services Producing Sector's Component Elements

In thousands and employees.
	1980	1990	2000
Transportation and Public Utilities	5,146	5,777	7,019
Wholesale Trade	5,292	6,173	7,024
Retail Trade	15,018	19,601	23,307
Finance and Real Estate	5,160	6,709	7,560
Services	17,890	27,934	40,460
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1950 to date, downloaded January 2002 from http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm.

Government Employment, by Level of Government

In thousands of employees.
	Local Government	State Government	Federal Government
1992	9,606	3,836	2,737
1993	9,552	3,891	2,704
1994	9,996	3,917	2,644
1995	10,119	3,971	2,580
1997	10,227	3,987	2,492
1998	10,505	3,985	2,447
1999	10,715	4,034	2,449
2000	10,995	4,083	2,426
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Public Employment and Payroll, http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apes.html, downloaded December 21, 2001. Federal employment excludes military.

Elementary and High School Education -Staff and Enrollment (in thousands) and Student-to-Staff Ratio

Elementary and High School Education -Staff and Enrollment (in thousands) and Student-to-Staff Ratio [Continued]

	Teachers & Support Staff (000)	Elem./Secondary Enrollment (000)
1998	5,684	46,535
1999	5,782	47,244
2000	5,959	47,533
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Public Employment and Payroll, http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apes.html, downloaded December 21, 2001. Values for 1996 are extrapolated. School enrollment data are from U.S. Center for Education Statistics, published in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000, Table 239, p. 151.

Defense and Postal Service as Elements of Federal Employment

In thousands of employees.
	Total Federal Employment	Defense Dep. Civilian Employment	Postal Service Employment	Defense as % of Total	Post Office -% of Total
1992	2,737	959	595	35.0	21.8
1993	2,704	901	629	33.3	23.3
1994	2,644	858	640	32.4	24.2
1995	2,580	808	651	31.3	25.2
1996	2,536	782	653	30.8	25.7
1997	2,492	755	654	30.3	26.2
1998	2,447	718	653	29.3	26.7
1999	2,449	693	670	28.3	27.4
2000	2,426	675	672	27.8	27.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Public Employment and Payroll, http://www.census.gov/govs/www/apes.html, downloaded December 21, 2001. Values for 1996 are extrapolated.

Percentage of Workforce Which is Union Member or is Covered by a Union

Values are in percent of the workforce
	% Union Member	% Covered by a Union
1964	29.3	-
1965	28.9	-
1966	28.4	-
1967	28.3	-
1968	28.2	-
1969	28.0	-
1970	27.8	-
1971	27.2	-
1972	26.6	-
1973	26.6	-
1974	26.2	-
1975	24.6	-
1976	24.5	-
1977	24.1	26.9
1978	23.4	26.2
1979	24.4	27.4
1980	23.3	26.1
1981	21.7	24.3
1982	21.0	24.0
1983	20.3	23.6
1984	19.1	21.9
1985	18.2	20.8
1986	17.7	20.2
1987	17.3	19.4
1988	17.0	19.2
1989	16.6	18.8
1990	16.3	18.6
1991	16.3	18.5
1992	16.0	18.1
1993	16.0	18.0
1994	15.7	17.7
1995	15.1	16.9
1996	14.7	16.4
1997	14.2	15.8
1998	14.1	15.6
1999	14.0	15.5
2000	13.6	15.0
Source: Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman, "Estimates of union density by state," Monthly Labor Review, July 2001.

Median Weekly Pay, Selected Years, Unionized, Covered by Union Contract, and All Workers

All data are in 2000 constant dollars.
	Pay of Union Member	Pay of Person Covered by Union	Pay of Non-Union Person	Average of All Employees	Dollar Difference Union and All
1983	670.8	662.2	497.9	541.2	129.7
1988	698.7	692.9	518.2	560.4	138.3
1989	690.2	686.0	516.6	554.1	136.1
1991	645.6	640.7	495.9	527.8	117.8
1993	685.2	678.1	507.7	551.8	133.5
1994	687.9	682.1	502.0	542.6	145.2
1995	680.2	675.7	505.1	541.2	139.0
1996	675.0	669.5	507.1	537.8	137.2
1997	686.7	678.1	512.8	539.7	147.0
1998	696.2	689.9	527.2	552.5	143.7
1999	694.6	689.4	533.3	567.5	127.1
2000	696.0	691.0	542.0	576.0	120.0
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1980-2001, United States Department of Commerce. Data have been normalized to 2000 dollars using the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index, All Items series.

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