Justice System Employment and Arrest Trends
| Arrests per 100,000 inhabitants. NA Not reported. | ||||||||||
| Arrests per 100,000 inhabitants. NA Not reported. | ||||||||||
| Year | State and Local Justice System Empl. | Total Crime Index1 | Violent Crime2 | Property Crime3 | Drug Arrests | |||||
| 1971 | 897.1 | 175.8 | 721.4 | 236.9 | ||||||
| 1972 | 881.5 | 186.5 | 695.0 | 251.2 | ||||||
| 1973 | 883.4 | 187.3 | 696.1 | 296.7 | ||||||
| 1974 | 1,098.0 | 219.7 | 878.3 | 300.2 | ||||||
| 1975 | 1,059.6 | 206.7 | 852.9 | 278.4 | ||||||
| 1976 | 1,016.8 | 193.1 | 823.7 | 279.5 | ||||||
| 1977 | 1,039.4 | 202.7 | 836.7 | 291.8 | ||||||
| 1978 | 1,047.6 | 215.5 | 832.2 | 282.4 | ||||||
| 1979 | 1,057.2 | 212.5 | 844.7 | 248.2 | ||||||
| 1980 | 1,055.8 | 214.4 | 841.4 | 255.6 | ||||||
| 1981 | 1,070.0 | 216.8 | 853.2 | 244.0 | ||||||
| 1982 | 1,175,787 | 1,148.9 | 236.9 | 912.0 | 291.8 | |||||
| 1983 | 1,209,989 | 1,071.9 | 221.1 | 850.8 | 282.9 | |||||
| 1984 | 1,266,428 | 1,019.8 | 212.5 | 807.3 | 300.3 | |||||
| 1985 | 1,312,065 | 1,046.5 | 212.4 | 834.0 | 341.0 | |||||
| 1986 | 1,351,695 | 1,091.8 | 234.5 | 857.3 | 343.1 | |||||
| 1987 | 1,403,655 | 1,120.1 | 233.8 | 886.4 | 386.8 | |||||
| 1988 | 1,453,267 | 1,123.5 | 243.8 | 879.7 | 472.4 | |||||
| 1989 | 1,502,349 | 1,173.1 | 268.6 | 904.4 | 551.6 | |||||
| 1990 | 1,570,614 | 1,203.2 | 290.7 | 912.5 | 436.7 | |||||
| 1991 | 1,610,465 | 1,198.8 | 293.0 | 905.8 | 400.5 | |||||
| 1992 | 1,635,502 | 1,162.4 | 300.5 | 861.9 | 418.1 | |||||
| 1993 | 1,664,167 | 1,131.6 | 302.9 | 828.8 | 436.9 | |||||
| 1994 | 1,740,715 | 1,148.4 | 310.7 | 837.7 | 519.1 | |||||
| 1995 | 1,816,632 | 1,140.3 | 315.2 | 825.0 | 561.6 | |||||
| 1996 | 1,901,453 | 1,081.8 | 288.6 | 793.2 | 567.8 | |||||
| 1997 | NA | 1,042.9 | 273.6 | 769.3 | 591.3 | |||||
| 1998 | 1,948,100 | 954.0 | 258.8 | 695.2 | 576.9 | |||||
| [Continued] | ||||||||||
Justice System Employment and Arrest Trends [Continued]
| Arrests per 100,000 inhabitants. NA Not reported. | ||||||||||
| Year | State and Local Justice System Empl. | Total Crime Index1 | Violent Crime2 | Property Crime3 | Drug Arrests | |||||
| 1999 | 1,998,308 | 880.0 | 244.5 | 635.5 | 561.8 | |||||
| 2000 | 821.8 | 228.2 | 593.6 | 572.1 | ||||||
| Source: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Online, Section 1, Table 1.19, and Section 4, Table 4.2, http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/1995/tost_4.html#4_a. Notes: 1. Includes arson beginning in 1979. 2. Violent crimes are offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. 3. Property crimes are offenses of burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. | ||||||||||
Crimes Cleared by Arrest
| Percent of Crime Index offenses cleared by an arrest in 2000. 11,369 agencies reported. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crime Index Total | Violent Crime | Property Crime | Murder/Non-Negligent Manslaughter | Forcible Rape | Robbery | Aggravated Assault | Burglary | Larceny/Theft | Motor Vehicle Theft | Arson | ||||||||||||
| Total | 9,366,936 | 1,131,923 | 8,235,013 | 12,291 | 72,453 | 319,078 | 728,101 | 1,669,364 | 5,598,789 | 966,860 | 73,172 | |||||||||||
| % Cleared by Arrest | 20.5 | 47.5 | 16.7 | 63.1 | 46.9 | 25.7 | 56.9 | 13.4 | 18.2 | 14.1 | 16 | |||||||||||
| Source: FBI, Uniform Crime Reports, 2000, Section IV, Table 25, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Between Arrest and Case Disposition
| Felony defendants released before or detained until case disposition (large urban counties): 1992-1998. | ||||||
| Year | Number of Defendants | Percent Released | Percent Detained | |||
| 1992 | 51,002 | 63 | 37 | |||
| 1994 | 50,241 | 62 | 38 | |||
| 1996 | 51,234 | 63 | 37 | |||
| 1998 | 54,458 | 64 | 36 | |||
| Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pretrial.htm. | ||||||
Waiting for Justice to Be Served
| Median number of days between arrest and sentencing for felony cases disposed by state courts: 1992-1998. Grand total includes all cases, whether or not conviction type was known. | |||||
| Most Serious Conviction Offense | Total | Number of Days Between Arrest and Sentencing for Cases Disposed by | |||
| Trial | Guilty Plea | ||||
| Total | Jury | Bench | |||
| All Offenses | |||||
| 1992 | 138 | 184 | 231 | 171 | 139 |
| 1994 | 143 | 201 | 251 | 184 | 136 |
| 1996 | 149 | 211 | 293 | 154 | 164 |
| 1998 | 149 | 278 | 300 | 256 | 153 |
| Percent Change | 8 | 51 | 30 | 50 | 10 |
| Violent Offenses | |||||
| 1992 | 172 | 234 | 268 | 192 | 160 |
| 1994 | 174 | 228 | 260 | 207 | 163 |
| 1996 | 184 | 263 | 315 | 181 | 188 |
| 1998 | 189 | 320 | 33 | 290 | 184 |
| Percent Change | 10 | 37 | 24 | 51 | 15 |
| Property Offenses | |||||
| 1992 | 125 | 152 | 167 | 164 | 123 |
| 1994 | 132 | 177 | 239 | 173 | 128 |
| 1996 | 142 | 182 | 281 | 154 | 156 |
| 1998 | 144 | 245 | 263 | 222 | 148 |
| Percent Change | 15 | 61 | 57 | 35 | 20 |
| Drug Offenses | |||||
| 1992 | 146 | 171 | 214 | 173 | 141 |
| 1994 | 138 | 189 | 232 | 183 | 133 |
| 1996 | 136 | 202 | 264 | 155 | 159 |
| 1998 | 136 | 264 | 281 | 259 | 144 |
| Percent Change | -7 | 54 | 31 | 50 | 2 |
| Drug Possession | |||||
| 1992 | 134 | 155 | 169 | 172 | 142 |
| 1994 | 123 | 167 | 278 | 169 | 118 |
| 1996 | 129 | 170 | 262 | 142 | 163 |
| 1998 | 122 | 245 | 287 | 261 | 145 |
| Percent Change | 2 | 42 | 30 | 43 | 3 |
| Drug Trafficking | |||||
| 1992 | 142 | 192 | 232 | 164 | 151 |
| 1994 | 149 | 206 | 232 | 196 | 142 |
| 1996 | 139 | 227 | 264 | 168 | 157 |
| 1998 | 143 | 273 | 287 | 261 | 145 |
| Percent Change | 2 | 42 | 30 | 43 | 3 |
| Weapons Offenses | |||||
| 1992 | 148 | 192 | 232 | 164 | 151 |
| 1994 | 143 | 202 | 207 | 173 | 136 |
| 1996 | 148 | 232 | 300 | 163 | 161 |
| 1998 | 145 | 249 | 265 | 249 | 152 |
| [Continued] | |||||
Waiting for Justice to Be Served [Continued]
| Most Serious Conviction Offense | Total | Number of Days Between Arrest and Sentencing for Cases Disposed by | |||
| Trial | Guilty Plea | ||||
| Total | Jury | Bench | |||
| Percent Change | -2 | 30 | 14 | 52 | 0.7 |
| Other Offenses1 | |||||
| 1992 | 138 | 147 | 230 | 128 | 140 |
| 1994 | 132 | 208 | 240 | 212 | 127 |
| 1996 | 157 | 162 | 255 | 128 | 167 |
| 1998 | 145 | 250 | 276 | 227 | 152 |
| Percent Change | 5 | 70 | 20 | 77 | 9 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Felony Sentences in State Courts, various years; http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/. Notes: 1. Com posed of nonviolent offenses such as receiving stolen property and vandalism. | |||||
Public Perceptions of Insanity Defense
| Wyoming citizens estimates of the percentage of defendants who entered a Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) defense, by occupation. | |
| Wyoming citizens estimates of the percentage of defendants who entered a Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) defense, by occupation. | |
| Occupation | Estimate |
| State Hospital Aides | 57% |
| Community Residents | 43% |
| College Students | 37% |
| Police Officers | 22% |
| Legislators | 20% |
| Mental Health Center Professionals | 17% |
| State Hospital Professionals | 13% |
| Source: Data appear in a footnote in Daniel J. Nusbaum, The craziest reform of them all: a critical analysis of the constitutional implications of abolishing the insanity defense, Cornell Law Review, Sept 2002 v87 i6 p1509(64 ). Data are attributed in the footnote (page 1512) to George L. Blau and Richard A. Pasewark, Statutory Changes and the Insanity Defense: Seeking the Perfect Insane Person, 18 Law Psychol. Rev. 679, 69 (1994). | |
Indigent Defense
| Representation of felons in 75 largest counties in 1996. Public defender programs are public or private nonprofit organizations with salaried staffs. In assigned counsel systems, courts appoint willing private attorneys from a list of those available. Contract attorneys agree with governmental units to provide services for a specified period and fee. | |
| Type of Counsel | % of Felons |
| Public Defender | 68.3% |
| Assigned Counsel | 13.7% |
| Private Attorney | 17.6% |
| Self/Other | 0.4% |
| Source: Harlow, Caroline Wolf, Ph.D., Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, NCJ 179023, November 2000. | |
The Cost of Defending the Indigent
| Expenditures for indigent defense: 1979-1990. In thousands of dollars, for public defense. Public defense includes legal counsel and representation in either criminal or civil proceedings as provided by public defenders and other government programs. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Expenditures presented are not adjusted for inflation. | ||||
| 1979 | 1985 | 1988 | 1990 | |
| Total | 357,030 | 711,243 | 1,012,831 | 1,336,266 |
| State | 127,892 | 297,555 | 427,788 | 603,674 |
| Local | 239,159 | 433,068 | 617,910 | 788,437 |
| Counties | 196,296 | 350,603 | 480,515 | 605,708 |
| Municipalities | 44,638 | 85,782 | 142,946 | 189,362 |
| Source: DeFrances, Carol J., Ph.D., et al., Indigent Defense Services in Large Counties, 1999, BJS, NCJ 184932, November 2000. | ||||
Hate Crimes
| Number of hate crimes and the motivations for them, as reported to the FBI: 1991-2000. NA Not available. % of pop represented is the percentage of the population that reporting law-enforcement agencies represent. | ||||||||||
| 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | |
| Participating Agencies | 2,771 | 6,181 | 6,551 | 7,356 | 9,584 | 11,355 | 11,211 | 10,730 | 12,122 | 11,690 |
| Total Incidents Reported | 4,558 | 6,623 | 7,587 | 5,932 | 7,947 | 8,759 | 8,049 | 7,755 | 7,876 | 8,063 |
| Motivation Racial Bias | 2,963 | 4,025 | 4,732 | 3,545 | 4,831 | 5,396 | 4,710 | 4,321 | 4,295 | 4,337 |
| Religious Bias | 917 | 1,162 | 1,298 | 1,062 | 1,277 | 1,401 | 1,385 | 1,390 | 1,411 | 1,472 |
| Ethnicity | 450 | 669 | 697 | 638 | 814 | 940 | 836 | 754 | 829 | 911 |
| Sexual Orientation | 425 | 767 | 860 | 685 | 1,019 | 1,016 | 1,102 | 1,260 | 1,317 | 1,299 |
| Number of States (including D.C.) | 32 | 42 | 47 | 44 | 46 | 50 | 49 | 47 | 49 | 49 |
| % of Pop. Represented | NA | 51 | 58 | 58 | 75 | 84 | 85 | 79 | 85 | 84.2 |
| Source: FBI, Hate Crime Statistics, Uniform Crime Reports, 1992-2000. | ||||||||||
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