Prisons: Data Presentation

People in State Prisons

Number of persons in custody of state correctional authorities by most serious offense, 1980-2000.
Year	Most Serious Offense
	Violent	Property	Drug	Public Order	Total
1980	173,300	89,300	19,000	12,400	294,000
1981	193,300	100,500	21,700	14,600	330,100
1982	215,300	114,400	25,300	17,800	372,800
1983	214,600	127,100	26,600	24,400	392,700
1984	227,300	133,100	31,700	21,900	414,000
1985	246,200	140,100	38,900	23,000	448,200
1986	258,600	150,200	45,400	28,800	483,000
1987	271,300	155,500	57,900	31,300	516,000
1988	282,700	161,600	79,100	35,000	558,400
1989	293,900	172,700	120,100	39,500	626,200
1990	313,600	173,700	148,600	45,500	681,400
1991	339,500	180,700	155,200	49,500	724,900
1992	369,100	181,600	168,100	56,300	775,100
1993	393,500	189,600	177,000	64,000	824,100
1994	425,700	207,000	193,500	74,400	900,600
1995	459,600	226,600	212,800	86,500	985,500
1996	484,800	231,700	216,900	96,000	1,029,400
1997	507,800	236,400	222,100	106,200	1,072,500
1998	545,200	242,900	236,800	113,900	1,138,800
1999	570,000	245,000	251,200	120,600	1,186,800
2000	589,100	238,500	251,100	124,600	1,203,300
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997, andPrisoners in 2000, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/corrtyp.htm.

Men in State Prisons by Race

Sentenced prisoners are those who are serving sentences of longer than one year. Based on custody counts from National Prisoner Statistics (NPS-1A) and updated from jurisdiction counts by gender at yearend. Estimates by age derived from the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1997.
Age	Number of Sentenced Prisoners
	Total1	White2	Black2	Hispanic
Total	1,259,481	449,200	585,800	199,700
Percent of Total	100	36	47	16
18-19	35,600	8,900	17,400	7,000
20-24	214,600	60,000	106,500	40,600
25-29	241,800	71,000	122,500	42,100
30-34	238,600	85,100	110,700	39,100
35-39	214,500	81,900	102,000	28,900
40-44	145,900	58,400	64,300	21,200
45-54	124,800	59,500	48,400	16,100
55+	38,400	23,300	10,800	4,100
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2001, NCJ195189,tables15and 16, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov. Notes: 1. Includes American Indians,AlaskaNatives,Asians, NativeHawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders. 2. Excludes Hispanics.

Older Prisoners

Prisoners aged 45 and older in state and federal prisons, 1991 and 1997. Percent of prisoners. Median age in years of all prisoners.
Age	State		Federal
	1991	1997	1991	1997
45 to 54 years	6.5	9.8	15.0	16.3
55 to 64 years	2.4	2.2	5.7	6.2
65 years and older	0.7	0.7	1.1	1.4
Total	9.6	12.7	21.8	23.9
Median age	30.0	32.0	36.0	36.0
Source: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Table 6.38. Primary Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997, NCJ 177613 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, "2000), Table 4.1.

Women in State Prisons by Race

Sentenced prisoners are those who are serving sentences of longer than one year. Based on custody counts from National Prisoner Statistics (NPS-1A) and updated from jurisdiction counts by gender at yearend. Estimates by age derived from the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1997.
Age	Number of Sentenced Prisoners
	Total1	White2	Black2	Hispanic
Total	85,031	36,200	36,400	10,200
Percent of total	100	43	43	11
18-19	1,300	700	500	100
20-24	8,500	3,700	3,200	1,500
25-29	15,200	5,600	6,600	2,000
30-34	21,100	8,700	9,400	2,400
35-39	18,600	8,000	8,400	2,000
40-44	10,100	4,200	4,700	1,000
45-54	8,000	3,900	3,000	1,000
55+	1,800	1,300	500	100
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2001, NCJ 195189,tables 15and 16, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov. Notes: 1. Includes American Indians, AlaskaNatives,Asians,NativeHawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders. 2. Excludes Hispanics.

Inmates on Death Row by State

Inmates known to NAACP Legal Defense Fund on July 21, 2002. Eight prisoners were sentenced to death in more than one state. They are included in the table for each state in which they were sentenced to death.
State	Total	Black		White		Latino/a		Native American		Asian
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
AL	189	86	0.46	100	0.53	2	0.01	0	-	1	0.005
AZ	127	16	0.13	89	0.70	18	0.14	3	0.02	1	0.008
AR	42	25	0.60	16	0.38	1	0.02	0	-	0	-
CA	611	219	0.36	241	0.39	120	0.20	14	0.02	17	0.030
CO	5	2	0.40	1	0.20	1	0.20	0	-	1	0.200
CT	7	3	0.43	3	0.43	1	0.14	0	-	0	-
DE	20	9	0.45	9	0.45	2	0.10	0	-	0	-
FL	388	136	0.35	216	0.56	34	0.09	1	0.003	1	0.003
GA	121	58	0.48	60	0.50	2	0.02	0	-	1	0.008
ID	22	0	-	22	1.00	0	-	0	-	0	-
IL	175	110	0.63	55	0.31	10	0.06	0	-	0	-
IN	39	12	0.31	27	0.69	0	-	0	-	0	-
KS	4	0	-	4	1.00	0	-	0	-	0	-
KY	41	9	0.22	31	0.76	1	0.02	0	-	0	-
LA	96	66	0.69	27	0.28	2	0.02	0	-	1	0.010
MD	17	11	0.65	6	0.35	0	-	0	-	0	-
MS	69	38	0.55	31	0.45	0	-	0	-	0	-
MO	71	30	0.42	41	0.58	0	-	0	-	0	-
MT	6	0	-	6	1.00	0	-	0	-	0	-
NE	7	1	0.14	5	0.71	1	0.14	0	-	0	-
NV	88	37	0.42	41	0.47	9	0.10	0	-	1	0.010
NJ	17	7	0.41	10	0.59	0	-	0	-	0	-
[Continued]

Inmates on Death Row by State [Continued]

State	Total	Black		White		Latino/a		Native American		Asian
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
NM	4	0	-	3	0.75	1	0.25	0	-	0	-
NY	6	2	0.33	3	0.50	1	0.17	0	-	0	-
NC	223	124	0.56	84	0.38	4	0.02	9	0.04	2	0.009
OH	204	101	0.50	97	0.48	2	0.01	2	0.01	2	0.010
OK	121	42	0.35	65	0.54	4	0.03	9	0.07	1	0.008
OR	30	1	0.03	25	0.83	2	0.07	1	0.03	0	-
PA	247	156	0.63	75	0.30	14	0.06	0	-	2	0.008
SC	77	36	0.47	41	0.53	0	-	0	-	0	-
SD	5	0	-	5	1.00	0	-	0	-	0	-
TN	106	41	0.39	59	0.56	2	0.02	2	0.02	2	0.020
TX	457	189	0.41	153	0.33	110	0.24	0	-	5	0.010
UT	11	2	0.18	6	0.55	2	0.18	1	0.09	0	-
VA	26	10	0.38	15	0.58	0	-	0	-	1	0.040
WA	12	5	0.42	7	0.58	0	-	0	-	0	-
WY	2	0	-	2	1.00	0	-	0	-	0	-
US Gov.	26	18	0.69	6	0.23	2	0.08	0	-	0	-
Military	7	5	0.71	1	0.14	0	-	0	-	1	0.140
TOTAL	3,726	1,607	0.43	1,688	0.45	348	0.09	42	0.01	40	0.010
Source: Deborah Fins, Death Row USA, Criminal Justice Project of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund,Summer2002,http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/DEATHROWUSArecent.pdf.

Prisoners and Prison Capacity

NA Not reported. Sentenced prisoners are prisoners with sentences of more than one year.
December 31	Number of Inmates		Sentenced Prisoners Per 100,000 Resident Pop		Population Housed as a % of Highest Capacity
	Federal	State	Federal	State	Federal	State
1990	65,526	708,393	20	272	NA	115
1995	100,250	1,025,624	32	379	126	114
1999	135,246	1,228,455	42	434	132	101
2000	145,416	1,245,845	44	425	131	100
2001	156,993	1,249,038	48	422	131	101
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2001, NCJ 195189, Table #15.

Corrections Expenditures

In millions of dollars.
Year	Federal				State				Local
	Total	Police Protection	Judicial and Legal	Corrections	Total	Police Protection	Judicial and Legal	Corrections	Total	Police Protection	Judicial and Legal	Corrections
1982	4,458	2,527	1,390	541	11,602	2,833	2,748	6,020	20,968	14,172	3,784	3,011
1983	4,844	2,815	1,523	606	12,785	2,963	2,950	6,873	23,186	15,276	4,361	3,548
1984	5,868	3,396	1,785	687	14,213	3,173	3,271	7,768	25,154	16,516	4,627	4,011
1985	6,416	3,495	2,129	792	16,252	3,469	3,636	9,148	27,462	17,847	5,090	4,524
1986	6,595	3,643	2,090	862	18,556	3,749	4,005	10,802	30,178	19,356	5,691	5,132
1987	7,496	4,231	2,271	994	20,157	4,067	4,339	11,691	33,265	21,089	6,230	5,947
1988	8,851	4,954	2,639	1,258	22,837	4,531	4,886	13,420	36,098	22,371	6,826	6,901
1989	9,674	5,307	2,949	1,418	25,269	4,780	5,442	15,047	38,825	23,672	7,682	7,471
1990	12,798	5,666	5,398	1,734	28,345	5,163	5,971	17,211	43,559	26,097	8,676	8,786
1991	15,231	6,725	6,384	2,122	31,484	5,507	6,754	19,223	47,075	28,017	9,418	9,640
1992	17,423	7,400	7,377	2,646	33,755	5,593	7,723	20,439	50,115	29,659	10,052	10,404
1993	18,591	8,069	7,832	2,690	34,227	5,603	7,820	20,803	52,562	31,733	10,283	10,546
1994	19,084	8,059	8,184	2,841	37,161	6,000	8,026	23,135	55,517	33,365	11,023	11,130
1995	22,651	9,298	9,184	4,169	41,196	6,451	8,676	26,069	58,933	35,364	11,674	11,895
1996	23,344	10,115	9,459	3,766	39,903	6,499	8,110	25,294	62,811	38,227	12,355	12,229
1997	27,065	12,518	10,651	3,896	42,353	6,670	8,567	27,117	66,916	40,974	13,079	12,863
1998	22,834	12,208	7,462	3,165	49,454	7,996	10,858	30,599	70,831	43,312	13,559	13,960
1999	27,392	14,797	8,515	4,080	57,186	9,632	12,875	34,680	74,830	45,593	14,142	15,096
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 1999, February2002,NCJ 191746, Table 2, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/jeeus99.pdf.

Robberies, Burglaries, Larcenies/Thefts

Crimes reported to law-enforcement agencies.
Year	Population	Crime Index Total	Rate Per 100,000	Robbery	Rate Per 100,000	Burglary	Rate Per 100,000	Larceny/Theft	Rate Per 100,000	Total Rob/Burg/LT
1982	231,664,458	12,974,400	5,601	553,130	238.8	3,447,100	1,488.0	7,142,500	3,083.1	11,142,730
1983	233,791,994	12,108,630	5,179	506,567	216.7	3,129,851	1,338.7	6,712,759	2,871.3	10,349,177
1984	235,824,902	11,881,755	5,038	485,008	205.7	2,984,434	1,265.5	6,591,874	2,795.2	10,061,316
1985	237,923,795	12,430,357	5,225	497,874	209.3	3,073,348	1,291.7	6,926,380	2,911.2	10,497,602
1986	240,132,887	13,211,869	5,502	542,775	226.0	3,241,410	1,349.8	7,257,153	3,022.1	11,041,338
1987	242,288,918	13,508,708	5,575	517,704	213.7	3,236,184	1,335.7	7,499,851	3,095.4	11,253,739
1988	244,498,982	13,923,086	5,695	542,968	222.1	3,218,077	1,316.2	7,705,872	3,151.7	11,466,917
1989	246,819,230	14,251,449	5,774	578,326	234.3	3,168,170	1,283.6	7,872,442	3,189.6	11,618,938
1990	249,464,396	14,475,613	5,803	639,271	256.3	3,073,909	1,232.2	7,945,670	3,185.1	11,658,850
1991	252,153,092	14,872,883	5,898	687,732	272.7	3,157,150	1,252.1	8,142,228	3,229.1	11,987,110
1992	255,029,699	14,438,191	5,661	672,478	263.7	2,979,884	1,168.4	7,915,199	3,103.6	11,567,561
1993	257,782,608	14,144,794	5,487	659,870	256.0	2,834,808	1,099.7	7,820,909	3,033.9	11,315,587
1994	260,327,021	13,989,543	5,374	618,949	237.8	2,712,774	1,042.1	7,879,812	3,026.9	11,211,535
1995	262,803,276	13,862,727	5,275	580,509	220.9	2,593,784	987.0	7,997,710	3,043.2	11,172,003
1996	265,228,572	13,493,863	5,088	535,594	201.9	2,506,400	945.0	7,904,685	2,980.3	10,946,679
1997	267,783,607	13,194,571	4,927	498,534	186.2	2,460,526	918.8	7,743,760	2,891.8	10,702,820
1998	270,248,003	12,485,714	4,620	447,186	165.5	2,332,735	863.2	7,376,311	2,729.5	10,156,232
1999	272,690,813	11,634,378	4,267	409,371	150.1	2,100,739	770.4	6,955,520	2,550.7	9,465,630
2000	281,421,906	11,608,070	4,125	408,016	145.0	2,050,992	728.8	6,971,590	2,477.3	9,430,598
2001	284,796,887	11,849,006	4,161	422,921	148.5	2,109,767	740.8	7,076,171	2,484.6	9,608,859
Source: Chart: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 1999, February 2002, NCJ 191746, Table 2, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/jeeus99.pdf, and FBI, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2001, Table 1.

Growth of Private Prisons

Cumulative total of private prisons owned by Corrections Corporation of America and Wackenhut, the two largest private prison operators. Years are approximate and are for the purpose of showing the trend.
Year	CCA	Wackenhut
1984	3	-
1985	5	-
1986	7	-
1988	8	1
1989	10	5
1990	13	6
1992	16	8
1994	17	10
1995	25	12
1996	28	15
1997	39	19
1998	53	24
1999	58	28
2000	61	29
2001	-	31
2002	-	32
Source: Corrections Corporation of America, http://www.correctionscorp.com/index.html., and Wackenhut Corrections Corp., http://www.hoovers.com.

Recidivism Rates for State Prisoners Released in 1993 and 1994

Data for 1983 are from 11 reporting states and represent 57% of all state prisoners. Data for 1994 are for 15 reporting states and represent 66% of all state prisoners. Numbers are percentages.
	1983	1994
Rates of Rearrest
All released prisoners	62.5	67.5
Violent	59.6	61.7
Property	68.1	73.8
Drug	50.4	66.7
Public-order	54.6	62.2
Percent Reconvicted	46.8	46.9
Percent Returned to Prison	41.4	51.8
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983, April 1989, pp. 1 and 3. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994, June 2002, pp. 1, 3, 7.

Recidivism Rates of State Prisoners by Number of Arrests Prior to Incarceration, 1983 and 1994

Number of Arrests Prior to Release	Percent of all Released Prisoners	% of Released Prisoners Who Were Rearrested Within
		1 Year	3 Years
Total	100.0	44.2	67.5
1 prior arrest	6.9	20.6	40.6
2 prior arrests	7.4	26.2	47.5
3 prior arrests	7.8	32.2	55.2
4 prior arrests	7.7	35.1	59.6
5 prior arrests	7.7	39.7	64.2
6 prior arrests	7.4	43.2	67.4
7-10 prior arrests	20.9	45.5	70.3
11-15 prior arrests	16.2	54.5	79.1
16 or more prior arrests	18.0	61.0	82.1
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983, April 1989, pp. 1 and 3. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994, June 2002, pp. 1, 3, 7.

Recidivism Rates by Age of Prisoner Upon Release, 1994

Age at Release	% of Released Prisoners	Percent of Released Prisoners Who, Within 3 Years, Were:
		Rearrested	Reconvicted	Returned to Prison
14-17	0.3	82.1	55.7	56.6
18-24	21.0	75.4	52.0	52.0
25-29	22.8	70.5	50.1	52.5
30-34	22.7	68.8	48.8	54.8
35-39	16.2	66.2	46.3	52.0
40-44	9.4	58.4	38.0	50.0
45 and older	7.6	45.3	29.7	40.9
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994, June 2002, pp. 1 and 7.

Recidivism Rates by Offense for Which a Prison Sentence Was Served, 1994

	% of All Released Prisoners	Percent of Released Prisoners Who, Within 3 Years, Were:
		Rearrest	Reconvicted	Return to Prison
All Released Prisoners	100.0	67.5	46.9	51.8
Property Offenses	33.5	73.8	53.4	56.4
Drug Offenses	32.6	66.7	47.0	49.2
Violent Offenses	22.5	61.7	39.9	48.8
Public-order Offenses	9.7	62.2	42.0	48.0
Other Offenses	1.7	64.7	42.1	66.9
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994, June 2002, pp. 8.

Recidivism Rates of State Prisoners by Criminal Offense for Which Prisoner Has Served Time, 1994

Offense	% of All Released Prisoners	Percent of Released Prisoners Who, Within 3 Years, Were:
		Rearrest	Reconviction	Return to Prison
All Released Prisoners	100	67.5	46.9	51.8
Violent Offenses	22.5	61.7	39.9	48.8
Homicide	1.7	40.7	20.5	31.4
Kidnapping	0.4	59.4	37.8	29.5
Rape	1.2	46.0	27.4	43.5
Other sexual assaults	2.4	41.4	22.3	36.0
Robbery	9.9	70.2	46.5	54.7
Assault	6.5	65.1	44.2	51.2
Other violent	0.4	51.7	29.8	40.9
Property Offenses	33.5	73.8	53.4	56.4
Burglary	15.2	74.0	54.2	56.1
Larceny/theft	9.7	74.6	55.7	60.0
Motor vehicle theft	3.5	78.8	54.3	59.1
Arson	0.5	57.7	41.0	38.7
Fraud	2.9	66.3	42.1	45.4
Stolen property	1.4	77.4	57.2	62.1
Other property	0.3	71.1	47.6	40.0
Drug Offenses	32.6	66.7	47.0	49.2
Possession	7.5	67.5	46.6	42.6
Trafficking	20.2	64.2	44.0	46.1
Other/unspecified	4.9	75.5	60.5	71.8
Public-order Offenses	9.7	62.2	42.0	48.0
Weapons	3.1	70.2	46.6	55.5
Driving under the influence	3.3	51.5	31.7	43.7

[Continued]

Recidivism Rates of State Prisoners by Criminal Offense for Which Prisoner Has Served Time, 1994 [Continued]

Offense	% of All Released Prisoners	Percent of Released Prisoners Who, Within 3 Years, Were:
		Rearrest	Reconviction	Return to Prison
Other public-order	3.3	65.1	48.0	43.6
Other Offenses	1.7	64.7	42.1	66.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Recidivism of risoners Released in 1994, June 2002, p. 8.