Law Enforcement: Data Presentation

State and Local Sworn Police Full-Time Employment

Sworn police officers carry firearms and may make arrests. Figures are by level of government for October 1980-95 and March 1997-99. The formula for computing full-time equivalent employment changed in 1986; see source for more information. Some data have been revised by the source. Data for local governments are estimates subject to sampling variation.
Total	Sworn Police									Percent Sworn
		State	Local	Counties	Municipal	Employees
1980	461,810	50,672	411,138	94,533	316,605	78.1
1981	464,141	51,177	412,964	96,326	316,638	78.0
1982	470,909	49,865	421,044	97,829	323,215	77.8
1983	472,459	50,965	421,494	98,695	322,799	78.1
1984	475,124	51,155	423,969	99,045	324,924	77.7
1985	481,146	51,761	429,385	100,916	328,469	77.6
1986	491,276	52,754	438,522	104,643	333,879	76.3
1987	501,440	53,542	447,898	107,811	340,087	76.0
1988	509,619	54,978	454,641	111,306	343,335	76.0
1989	513,242	56,084	457,158	113,479	343,679	75.8
1990	525,075	56,729	468,346	116,836	351,510	75.6
1991	531,706	56,294	475,412	119,383	356,029	75.7
1992	538,510	55,104	483,406	123,851	359,555	75.3
1993	546,047	54,283	491,764	127,234	364,530	75.3
1994	560,509	56,981	507,783	138,817	373,221	74.9
1995	584,925	54,704	530,221	139,078	391,143	75.1
1997	602,718	56,023	546,695	142,330	404,365	75.5
1998	616,377	55,224	561,153	145,472	415,681	75.4
1999	638,066	58,917	578,909	153,075	425,834	75.2
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureauof JusticeStatistics, Trends in Justice Expenditure and Employment, NCJ 178276, Table 9 [Online] available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/data/eetrnd09.wk1 [Mar. 27, 2002].

Areas of Duty for Law Enforcement

	1996	Percent	2000	Percent
Patrol/response	422,671	63.7	424,105	59.9
Investigations	99,530	15.0	105,495	14.9
Jail operations	46,447	7.7	43,897	6.2
Court operations	22,560	3.4	36,109	5.1
Administration	72,327	10.2	98,416	13.9
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 1996 and 2000.

Minority Law Enforcement

Figures are in percent.
	1990	2000
Any minority	29.8	38.1
Black, non-Hispanic	18.4	20.1
Hispanics, any race	9.2	14.1
Asian/Pacific Islander	2.0	2.8
American Indian	0.3	0.4
Females	12.1	16.3
Source: Chart data from U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990-2000.

Law Enforcement Programs

Figures show percent of large city departments (cities with residents over 250,000) that have part-time or full-time staff or deparments devoted to each crime.
	1990	2000
Victim assistance	45	71
Crime prevention	100	97
Repeat offenders	77	57
Prosecutor relations	76	58
Domestic violence	61	97
Child abuse	95	92
Missing children	95	95
Juvenile crime	94	84
Gangs	89	98
Drug education	89	98
Drunk drivers	76	81
Bias-related crimes	58	71
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990-2000.

Law Enforcement Methods

Figures show the percent of large city departments (cities with residents over 250,000) that use each method.
	1990	2000
Require field/patrol officers to use body armor	31	69
Authorize field/patrol officers to use a revolver	97	65
Authorize field/patrol officers to use a semiautomatic	97	100
Allow officer to take marked vehicles home	15	42
Use bicycles	39	98
Use enhanced 9-1-1 system	76	97
Use automated fingerprint ID systems	60	97
Use in-field computers	73	92
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990-2000.

Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1900-2000

1945-2000 data are from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies participating in the UCR Program submit data on any sworn officer killed feloniously or accidentally in the line of duty within their jurisdictions. FBI field divisions and legal attache offices also report such incidents occurring in the United States and its territories, as well as those in which a United States law enforcement officer dies while assigned to duties in another country (Source, 2000, p. 3).
	Total Killed	Feloniously	Accidentally	Gun Deaths
1900	40	NA	NA	5
1905	30	NA	NA	4
1910	54	NA	NA	8
1915	85	NA	NA	9
1920	149	NA	NA	13
1925	180	NA	NA	30
1926	180	NA	NA	19
1927	188	NA	NA	27
1928	191	NA	NA	29
1929	214	NA	NA	24
1930	244	NA	NA	35
1931	203	NA	NA	31
1932	210	NA	NA	29
1933	186	NA	NA	37
1934	190	NA	NA	31
1935	165	NA	NA	25
1936	149	NA	NA	17
1937	155	NA	NA	15
1938	155	NA	NA	15
1939	98	NA	NA	11
1940	107	NA	NA	7
1941	121	NA	NA	14
[Continued]

Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1900-2000 [Continued]

	Total Killed	Feloniously	Accidentally	Gun Deaths
1942	98	NA	NA	13
1943	75	NA	NA	8
1944	79	NA	NA	4
1945	59	NA	NA	9
1946	82	NA	NA	11
1947	67	NA	NA	9
1948	64	NA	NA	7
1949	55	NA	NA	8
1950	36	NA	NA	7
1951	64	NA	NA	7
1952	63	NA	NA	13
1953	63	NA	NA	8
1954	61	NA	NA	15
1955	55	NA	NA	5
1956	46	NA	NA	8
1957	45	NA	NA	9
1958	49	NA	NA	9
1959	49	NA	NA	7
1960	48	NA	NA	8
1961	71	37	34	13
1962	78	48	30	9
1963	88	55	33	10
1964	88	57	31	18
1965	83	53	30	12
1966	99	57	42	17
1967	123	76	47	17
1968	123	64	59	20
1969	125	86	39	30
1970	146	100	46	35
1971	238	238	NA	35
1972	117	117	NA	35
1973	176	134	42	60
1974	179	132	47	39
1975	185	129	56	48
1976	140	111	29	38
1977	125	93	32	27
1978	125	93	52	40
1979	164	106	58	48
1980	165	104	61	46
1981	157	91	66	40
1982	164	92	72	43
1983	152	80	72	46
1984	147	72	75	35
1985	148	78	70	38
1986	133	66	67	34
1987	148	74	74	39
1988	155	78	77	54
1989	145	66	79	51
[Continued]

Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1900-2000 [Continued]

	Total Killed	Feloniously	Accidentally	Gun Deaths
1990	133	66	67	61
1991	124	71	53	71
1992	130	64	66	67
1993	129	70	59	74
1994	141	79	62	74
1995	133	74	59	67
1996	112	61	51	61
1997	132	71	63	69
1998	142	61	81	63
1999	107	42	65	44
2000	135	51	84	50
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1981, FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1982), p. 12; Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 1982, pp. 10, 40; 1992, pp. 23, 57; 2000,pp. 23, 69; FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice). Data also from National Law Enforcement Memorial Fund.

Use of Force in City Departments, 1991

Figures are per 100,000 people.
	Rate
Civilians shot at but not hit	3.0
Electronic devices (TASERs)	5.4
Dog attacks or bites	6.5
Flashlights	21.7
Batons	36.0
Chemical agents	36.2
Firm grip	57.7
Twist locks/wrist locks	80.9
Swarm	126.7
Unholstering weapons	129.9
Come-alongs	226.8
Bodily force (arm, foot, leg)	272.2
Handcuff/leg restraint	490.4
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Data Collection on Police Use of Force, April 1996.

Justifiable Homicides and Police Shootings

Figues show number of deaths and rate per 100,000 people.
	Felons Killed by Police			Officers Killed by Felons
		Number	Rate	Number	Rate
1980	457	2.49	104	26.44
1981	381	2.06	91	22.86
1982	376	2.00	92	22.81
[Continued]

Justifiable Homicides and Police Shootings [Continued]

Figues show number of deaths and rate per 100,000 people.
	Felons Killed by Police			Officers Killed by Felons
		Number	Rate	Number	Rate
1983	406	2.14	80	17.80
1984	332	1.73	72	15.41
1985	321	1.65	78	16.57
1986	298	1.52	66	13.87
1987	296	1.50	74	15.40
1988	339	1.70	78	16.06
1989	362	1.80	66	13.30
1990	379	1.88	66	12.61
1991	359	1.76	71	13.26
1992	414	2.01	64	11.76
1993	453	2.17	70	12.64
1994	459	2.18	79	14.07
1995	382	1.80	74	12.61
1996	355	1.65	61	10.25
1997	361	1.66	70	11.32
1998	367	1.67	61	9.51
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Policing and Homicide, 1976-1998: Justifiable Homicides by Police, Police Officers Murdered by Felons, Series NCJ 180987, March 2001.

High-Speed Pursuits by the Los Angeles Police Department

	Pursuits
1993	908
1994	821
1995	827
1996	644
1997	643
1998	534
1999	563
2000	663
2001	778
Source: Los Angeles Police Department, located online at http://www.lacp.org.

Racial Profiling

Percent of each group claiming to have been stopped because of their race, based on a survey.
	Percent
Hispanic men	20
Asian men	20
Black women	25
All blacks	37
Black men	52
Source: "Racial Profiling Rampant" State Government News, August 2001, p. 8.

Federal Officers

Federal agencies employing 100 or more full-time officers authorized to carry firearms and make arrests as of June 2000. Data were provided by federal agencies in response to a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. The data include all supervisory and nonsupervisory personnel with federal arrest authority who were authorized (but not necessarily required) to carry firearms in the performance of their official duties. The data presented exclude law enforcement personnel in the U.S. armed forces and those serving in foreign countries. Excludes employees in U.S. territories. Includes all Federal probation officers employed in Federal judicial districts that allow officers to carry firearms. Includes 1,544 Park Rangers commissioned as law enforcement officers and 644 U.S. Park Police officers.
Agency	Number of Full-Time Officers
Immigration and Naturalization Service	17,654
Federal Bureau of Prisons	13,557
Federal Bureau of Investigation	11,523
U.S. Customs Service	10,522
Drug Enforcement Administration	4,161
U.S. Secret Service	4,039
Administrative Office of the United States Courts	3,599
U.S. Postal Inspection Service	3,412
U.S. Marshals Service	2,735
Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation Division	2,726
National Park Service	2,188
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms	1,967
U.S. Capitol Police	1,199
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	888
General Services Administration, Federal Protective Service	803
Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Diplomatic Security Service	617
U.S. Forest Service, Law Enforcement and Investigations	586
U.S. Mint	354
Veterans Health Administration	342
Amtrak	316
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000, Bulletin NCJ 187231 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, July 2001), pp. 2, 5. Table adapted by SOURCEBOOK staff.

Wiretap Orders

Figures show the number of court-authorized intercepts authorized of wire, oral, or electronic communications.
	Federal	State	Total
1969	33	268	301
1970	182	414	596
1971	285	531	816
1972	206	649	855
1973	130	734	864
1974	121	607	728
1975	108	593	701
1976	137	549	657
1977	77	549	626
1978	81	489	570
1979	87	466	553
1980	81	483	564
1981	106	483	589
1982	130	448	578
1983	208	440	648
1984	289	512	801
1985	243	541	784
1986	250	504	754
1987	236	437	673
1988	293	445	738
1989	310	453	763
1990	324	548	872
1991	356	500	856
1992	340	579	919
1993	450	526	976
1994	554	600	1,154
1995	532	526	1,058
1996	581	568	1,150
1997	569	617	1,186
1998	566	763	1,331
1999	601	749	1,350
[Continued]

Wiretap Orders [Continued]

Figures show the number of court-authorized intercepts authorized of wire, oral, or electronic communications.
	Federal	State	Total
2000	479	711	1,190
2001	486	1,005	1,491
Source: Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Report on Applications for Orders Authorizing or Approving the Interception of Wire or Oral Communications for the Period January 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 (Washington, DC: Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1978), p. xvi; Administrative Office of the United States Courts Report on Applications for Orders Authorizing or Approving the Interception of Wire Oral, or Electronic Communications for the Period January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1988 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1989), p. 19; and Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1999 Wiretap Report, p. 32; 2001, p. 32 (Washington, DC: Administrative Office of the United States Courts). Notes: The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts is required, in accordance with provisions of 18 S.C. 2519(1), to transmit to Congress a report regarding applications for orders authorizing or approving the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications. This report is required to contain information about the number of such orders and any extensions granted. Every state and federal judge is required to file a written report on each application made. This report is required to contain information on the grants and denials, name of applicant, offense involved, type and location of device, and duration of authorized intercept. Prosecuting officials who have applied for intercept orders are required to file reports containing information on the cost of the intercepts; the number of days the device was in operation; the total number of intercepts; the number of incriminating intercepts recorded; whether encryption was encountered in the course of the intercept; and the results of the intercepts in terms of the number of arrests, trials, convictions, and motions to suppress evidence obtained through the use of intercepts. Forty-six jurisdictions (the Federal Government, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, and 43 States) had statutes authorizing the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications during 2001; 25 of these jurisdictions had court-authorized orders for interception during 2001 (Source, 2001, pp. 6, 7).

Airline Passenger Screening

Screening consists of "the systematic examination of persons and property using weapons-detecting procedures or facilities (electronic or physical search) for the purpose of detecting weapons and dangerous articles and to prevent their unauthorized introduction into sterile areas or aboard aircraft."(Source, 1993, p. 42.) Prior to 1992, the firearm category of other included items such as starter pistols, flare pistols, and BB guns. Beginning in 1992, this category was expanded and now also includes stunning devices, chemical agents, martial arts equipment, knives, bludgeons, and certain other designated items. From 1992 to 1994, the method of counting explosive/incendiary devices was revised. Individual items were counted rather than packages (i.e., one box of firecrackers counted as 20 firecrackers; one box of ammunition counted as 50 cartridges).
	Persons Screened (mil.)	Total Weapons Found	Arrests Firearms/Expl.	Arrests False Inform.	Handguns	Long guns	Other	devices
1977	508.8	2,034	810	44	1,827	64	240 5
1978	579.7	2,058	896	64	1,962	67	164 3
1979	592.5	2,161	1,060	47	1,878	55	144 3
1980	585.0	2,022	1,031	32	2,124	36	108 8
1981	598.5	2,255	1,187	49	2,559	44	87	11
1982	630.2	2,676	1,314	27	2,634	57	60	1
1983	709.1	2,784	1,282	34	2,766	67	83	4
1984	775.6	2,957	1,285	27	2,823	100	91	6
1985	992.9	2,987	1,310	42	2,981	90	74	12
1986	1,055.3	3,241	1,415	89	3,012	146	114	11
1987	1,095.6	3,252	1,581	81	2,591	99	141	14
1988	1,054.9	2,773	1,493	222	2,397	74	108	11
1989	1,113.3	2,879	1,436	83	2,490	92	390	26
1990	1,145.1	2,853	1,337	18	1,597	59	304	15
1991	1,015.1	1,919	893	28	2,503	47	275	94
[Continued]

Airline Passenger Screening [Continued]

	Persons Screened (mil.)	Total Weapons Found	Arrests Firearms/Expl.	Arrests False Inform.	Handguns	Long guns	Other	devices
1992	1,110.8	2,608	1,282	13	2,707	105	NA	167
1993	1,150.0	2,798	1,354	31	2,860	91	NA	251
1994	1,261.3	2,994	1,433	35	2,230	134	NA	505
1995	1,263.0	2,390	1,194	68	1,999	160	NA	631
1996	1,496.9	2,155	999	131	1,905	156	NA	NA
1997	1,659.7	2,067	924	72	1,401	162	NA	NA
1998	1,666.5	1,515	660	86	1,421	114	NA	NA
1999	1,822.0	1,552	633	58		131	NA	NA
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program, July 1 to December 31, 1978, Exhibit 10; July 1 to December 31, 1982, Exhibit 10; July 1 to December 31, 1984, Exhibit 7; July 1 to December 31, 1989, p. 11 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Annual Report to Congress on Civil Aviation Security, January 1, 1993-December 31, 1993, p. 9; January 1, 1995-December 31, 1995, p. 11 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation); and data provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.