Senior Health: Data Presentation

Population 65 Years and Over: 1980-1990 and 1990-2000

Total and percent change, by region.
Region, Division, State	1980		1990		2000		% Change 1980-90	% Change 1990-2000
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
United States	25,549,544	25.5	31,078,895	31.0	34,991,753	35.0	21.6	12.0
Northeast	6,071,865	6.0	6,948,232	6.9	7,372,282	7.3	14.4	5.4
Midwest	6,692,026	6.7	7,725,193	7.7	8,259,075	8.3	15.4	6.6
South	8,487,699	8.5	10,668,679	10.7	12,438,267	12.4	25.7	16.0
West	4,297,954	4.3	5,736,791	5.7	6,922,129	7.0	33.5	19.9
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/age.html; Primary sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, unpublished data consistent with U.S. Population Estimates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1991, Current Population Reports, P25-1095, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993, and Census 2000 Summary File 1; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics (1990 CP-1).

Homeownership Rates, Total and Householders Aged 65 and Over: 1950-1990

1950 total does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
Year	Total	65+
2000	67.4	80.4
1990	64.2	75.2
1980	64.4	70.1
1970	62.9	67.5
1960	61.9	68.8
1950	55.0	67.9
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables, Ownership Rates, Ownership Rates by Household and Structure Type, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/ownrate.html

Nursing Home Residents 65 Years of Age and Over: 1973-74, 1985, 1995, and 1999

NA Not applicable. Excludes residents in personal care or domiciliary care homes. Age refers to age at time of interview. Rates are based on the resident population as of July 1. Starting in 1997, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Age	Residents				Residents Per 100,000 Population
	1973-74	1985	1995	1999	1973-74	1985	1995	1999
65 years and over, age adjusted1	NA	NA	NA	NA	58.5	54.0	45.9	43.3
65 years and over, crude	961,500	1,318,300	1,422,600	1,469,500	44.7	46.2	42.4	42.9
65-74 years	163,100	212,100	190,200	194,800	12.3	12.5	10.1	10.8
75-84 years	384,900	509,000	511,900	517,600	57.7	57.7	45.9	43.0
85 years and over	413,600	597,300	720,400	757,100	257.3	220.3	198.6	182.5
Source: Health, United States, 2001, Table 97, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm. Notes: 1. Age adjusted by the direct method to the year 2000 population standard using the following three age groups: 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and 85 years and over.

Distribution of Older Renter Households by Age (%)

Year	Age 65-74	Age 75+
1980	56	44
1989	50	50
1993	48	52
1995	47	53

Reported Cases of Domestic Elder Abuse: 1986-1996

Figures collected by the National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) from state adult protective service agencies and state units on aging.
Year	Cases (000)
1986	117
1987	128
1988	140
1990	211
1991	213
1993	227
1994	241
1996	293
Source: National Center on Elder Abuse, Elder Abuse Information Series, www.elderabusecenter.org/.

Elder Abuse

Types of elder maltreatment substantiated by adult protective services agencies: 1996			Maltreatment	Number of Incidents	Percentages1
Neglect	34,525	48.7
Emotional/psychological abuse	25,142	35.4
Financial/material exploitation	21,427	30.2
Physical abuse	18,144	25.6
Abandonment	2,560	3.6
Sexual abuse	219	0.3
Other	994	1.4
Total incidents	70,9422
Source: The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study; Final Report, http://www.aoa.gov/abuse/report/GFindings-01.htm#P131_7832. Notes: 1. Estimated number of substantiated reports of domestic elder abuse with each type of ma2. Total incidents do not equal totals across abuse categories because more than one substantiated

Nursing Homes, Residents, and Staff

Statistics reported by Catherine Hawes, PhD, in testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance in June 2002.
Item	Amount
Homes with serious deficiencies	25%
Homes cited for abuse violations	10%
Residents w/serious cognitive impairment	66%
Residents who are married	12%
Residents surveyed who reported abuse	44%
Residents surveyed who reported rough treatment	48%
Staff surveyed who yelled at resident	51%
Median hourly earnings certified nursing assts.	$8.61
Nurse aide rank most dangerous occupations	4th
Source: Abuse In Residential Long-Term Care Facilities: What Is Known About Prevalence, Causes, And Prevention, Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, Catherine Hawes, Ph.D., http://finance.senate.gov/hearings/testimony/061802chtest.pdf.

Hearing and Vision Impairments

Percentage distribution of hearing and vision limitations among adults aged >=70 years, by selected sociodemographic characteristics. United States, National Health Interview Second Supplement on Aging, 1994. Total population 8,767.
Characteristic	Hearing impairment		Vision impairment		Vision & hearing impaired
Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
Population aged>=70 yrs	3,652,626	18.1	6,697,497	33.2	1,724,277	8.6
Sex
Male	1,319,000	16.4	3,214,181	40.0	726,200	9.0
Female	2,333,626	19.2	3,483,316	28.7	998,077	8.2

[Continued]

Hearing and Vision Impairments [Continued]

Characteristic	Vision impairment		Hearing impairment		Vision & hearing impaired
Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
Race1
White	3,246,700	17.9	6,243,983	34.5	1,588,000	8.8
Black	307,273	19.6	303,450	19.3	82,604	5.3
Other	98,653	20.6	150,064	31.3	53,673
Hispanic ethnicity2
Yes	137,787	18.7	215,513	29.3	69,401	8.2
No	3,469,017	18.1	6,405,472	33.4	1,644,370	8.6
Source: Vincent A. Campbell, Ph.D., et al., Surveillance for Sensory Impairment, Activity Limitation, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults United States, 1993-1997, Tables 3 and 4, CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss4808a6.htm#top. Notes: 1. Race data are presented only for whites, blacks, and others because sample sizes for other racial groups were too small for meaningful analysis. 2. Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race.

Self-Assessments of Health

Percentage of fair or poor self-rated health reported by older adults, by selected demographic factors. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-1997. Total population = 178,846. Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race.
	Age Group
55-64 Years (n=64,919)		65-74 Years (n=67,469)		>=75 Years (n=46,458)
Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Total	21.1	20.8	25.9	26.5	32.8	34.4
Race
White	19.8	18.3	24.7	24.6	32.1	33.5
Black	31.4	36.5	39.8	43.3	42.8	46.5
Asian/Pacific Islander	16.3	19.3	22.1	18.2	25.6	28.6
Native Amer/Alaskan Native	23.2	44.1	32.5	42.0	48.7	38.9
Hispanic ethnicity
Yes	33.9	37.3	32.7	39.3	39.5	45.8
No	20.3	19.7	25.5	25.9	32.6	34.0
Educational level
Less than h.s. graduate	42.2	43.5	40.7	42.4	43.3	44.8
High school graduate	21.7	19.5	25.9	24.9	30.7	32.7
Some college	17.9	14.4	22.1	19.2	29.0	27.2
College graduate	9.6	8.5	13.3	13.1	23.1	22.3
Annual household income
$15,000	51.1	44.3	42.8	38.1	42.9	41.6
$15,000-$24,999	28.8	22.5	30.3	25.7	34.2	31.7
$25,000-$34,999	21.2	16.1	19.6	18.0	25.3	25.5
$35,000-$49,999	14.4	10.5	13.6	13.8	24.6	22.5
=$50,000	10.8	13.3	17.3	26.3	27.3	32.2
Marital status
Married	19.2	17.6	24.1	24.0	32.0	32.8
Divorced	28.8	25.1	30.3	28.4	37.7	35.6
Widowed	32.9	28.7	34.8	29.6	34.3	35.3

[Continued]

Self-Assessments of Health [Continued]

	Age Group
55-64 Years (n=64,919)	65-74 Years (n=67,469)	>=75 Years (n=46,458)
Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Separated	29.7	40.4	39.1	47.1	37.5	35.1
Never married	28.1	23.9	30.5	25.8	34.2	31.4
Source: Vincent A. Campbell, Ph.D, et al., Surveillance for Sensory Impairment, Activity Limitation, and Health- Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults-United States, 1993-1997, Tables 3 and 4, CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss4808a6.htm#top.

Medicare Benefits: 1980 to 2000

NA Not available. In millions of dollars. By type of provider. 23,776 represents $23,776,000,000. For years ending Sept. 30.
Type of Provider			1980	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000
Hospital insurance benefits, total	23,776	65,721	113,394	123,908	136,007	134,321	129,107	125,992
Inpatient hospital	22,860	57,012	81,095	84,513	88,541	86,942	85,696	86,566
Skilled nursing facility	392	2,761	8,683	10,416	12,388	13,377	11,488	10,593
Home health agency	524	3,295	15,715	17,157	17,938	14,115	8,994	4,552
Hospice	NA	318	1,854	1,969	2,082	2,080	2,494	2,818
Managed care	NA	2,335	6,047	9,853	15,059	17,807	20,435	21,463
Supplementary ins. benefits, total	10,144	41,498	63,490	67,165	71,117	75,782	79,151	88,876
Physician fee schedule	NA	NA	31,110	31,569	31,958	32,338	33,379	35,947
Durable medical equipment	NA	NA	3,576	3,785	4,112	4,104	4,278	4,573
Carrier lab1	NA	NA	2,819	2,654	2,414	2,166	2,085	2,201
Other carrier2	NA	NA	4,513	4,883	5,452	5,854	6,400	7,164
Hospital3	NA	NA	8,448	8,683	9,251	8,977	8,473	8,439
Home health	NA	NA	223	236	246	189	405	4,570
Intermediary lab4	NA	NA	1,437	1,338	1,419	1,478	1,517	1,622
Other intermediary5	NA	NA	5,110	5,664	6,372	6,543	5,642	6,013
Managed care	NA	NA	6,253	8,353	9,893	14,132	16,970	18,348
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Table 135; primary source: U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, unpublished data. Notes: 1. Lab services paid under the lab fee schedule performed in a physician' s office lab or an independent lab. 2. Includes free-standing ambulatory surgical centers facility costs, ambulance, and supplies. 3. Includes the hospital facility costs for Medicare Part B services that are predominantly in the outpatient department. The physician reimbursement associated with these services is included on the Physician Fee Schedule line. 4. Lab fee services paid under the lab fee schedule performed in a hospital outpatient department. 5. Includes ESRD free-standing dialysis facility payments and payments to rural health clinics, outpatient rehabilitation facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and federally qualified health centers.

Current Risk Behaviors, Elderly Persons: Various Years

NA Not available.
Behavior, Sex, and Race Cigarette Smoking	Percent of Population
1965		1974	1979	1983	1985	1990	1992	1994	1995	1997	1998	1999
Hospital insurance benefits, total	23,776	65,721	113,394	123,908	136,007	134,321	129,107	125,992
Inpatient hospital	22,860	57,012	81,095	84,513	88,541	86,942	85,696	86,566
Skilled nursing facility	392	2,761	8,683	10,416	12,388	13,377	11,488	10,593
Home health agency	524	3,295	15,715	17,157	17,938	14,115	8,994	4,552
Hospice	NA	318	1,854	1,969	2,082	2,080	2,494	2,818
Managed care	NA	2,335	6,047	9,853	15,059	17,807	20,435	21,463
Supplementary ins. benefits, total	10,144	41,498	63,490	67,165	71,117	75,782	79,151	88,876
Physician fee schedule	NA	NA	31,110	31,569	31,958	32,338	33,379	35,947
Durable medical equipment	NA	NA	3,576	3,785	4,112	4,104	4,278	4,573
Carrier lab1	NA	NA	2,819	2,654	2,414	2,166	2,085	2,201
Other carrier2	NA	NA	4,513	4,883	5,452	5,854	6,400	7,164
Hospital3	NA	NA	8,448	8,683	9,251	8,977	8,473	8,439
Home health	NA	NA	223	236	246	189	405	4,570
Intermediary lab4	NA	NA	1,437	1,338	1,419	1,478	1,517	1,622
Other intermediary5	NA	NA	5,110	5,664	6,372	6,543	5,642	6,013
Managed care	NA	NA	6,253	8,353	9,893	14,132	16,970	18,348

[Continued]

Current Risk Behaviors, Elderly Persons: Various Years [Continued]

Behavior, Sex, and Race Cigarette Smoking	Percent of Population
	1965	1974	1979	1983	1985	1990	1992	1994	1995	1997	1998	1999
All females													65 years and over	9.6	12.0	13.2	13.1	13.5	11.5	12.4	11.1	11.5	11.5	11.2	10.7
White female
65 years and over	9.8	12.3	13.8	13.2	13.3	11.5	12.6	11.1	11.7	11.7	11.2	10.4
Black female
65 years and over1	7.1	8.9	8.5	13.1	14.5	11.1	11.1	13.6	13.3	10.7	11.5	13.6
High Serum Cholestero1
Male2
65-74 years	38.0	34.7	31.7	NA	NA	21.9	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
75 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	20.4	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Female2
65-74 years	68.5	57.7	51.6	NA	NA	41.3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
75 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	38.2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Overweight
Male2
65-74 years	47.8	54.6	54.2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Female2
65-74 years	60.9	55.9	59.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Visited Dentist in Last Year
Male 65 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	55.4	57.8	54.7
Female 65 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	N	NA	NA	54.4	55.4	55.2
Mammogram in last 2 years
Female
65-74 years	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	48.7	55.7	64.2	63.0	69.4	NA	NA
75 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	35.8	37.8	41.0	44.6	57.2	NA	NA
Pneumococcal immuniz.2,3
65 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	21.0	28.0	30.0	34.0	43.0	46.0	NA
Influenza immuniz. in last year2,2
65 years and over	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	42.0	52.0	55.0	58.0	63.0	63.0	NA
Source: Healthy People 2000, Final Review, Table 20; Health, United States, 2001, Tables 60, 68, 69, 80, 82; Primary sources: (Smoking data) CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Health Interview Survey; (Cholesterol, smoking, obesity data) CDC, NCHS, Division of Health Examination Statistics. Unpublished data. (Dental and mammogram data) CDC, NCHS, National Health Interview Survey. Notes: 1. Some estimates are considered unreliable (standard error of 20-30%). 2. Years do not correspond precisely to smoking years; for general comparison purposes only. 3. Noninstitutionalized population.

Medicare Outlays and Enrollment

Net outlay in billions, 1995 constant dollars. Elderly persons enrolled, in millions.
Fiscal Year	Net Outlay	Elderly Enrolled
1967	11.1	19.1
1970	21.9	20.5
1975	32.8	22.8
1980	57.1	25.5

[Continued]

Medicare Outlays and Enrollment [Continued]

Fiscal Year	Net Outlay	Elderly Enrolled
1985	90.2	28.2
1990	112.8	30.9
1991	117.2	31.5
1992	128.5	32.0
1993	137.1	32.4
1994	147.6	32.8
1995	159.9	33.0
1996	170.6	33.3
Source: Medicare and Health Care Chartbook, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, February 27, 1997, http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/house/waysand-means/.

Age and Prime-Time Television: Fall 2000

Age distribution of characters featured on prime-time television. Total = 2,251.
Character	Number
Child	72
Adolescent	174
Young Adult (approx. 19-29)	414
Adult (approx. 30-39)	727
Settled Adult (approx. 40-49)	473
Older Adult (approx. 50-69)	310
Elderly (over 70)	67
Dońt Know/Cańt Tell	14
Source: Maria D. Vesperi, Media, Marketing, and Images of the Older Person in the Information Age, http://www.generationsjournal.org/gen25-3/intro.html.