Estimated Number of Charter Schools in Operation as of September 1999, by State
| -indicates zero. The study reports the number of charters given to individual entities, though some charters may use space within another school or be connected to another school by another arrangement. The number of charters shown does not include the total number of school sites operating under a charter. Some charters, particularly in Arizona, run similar programs in several sites. In those cases, the study only counts the charter once. Several charters in California were awarded to districts or complexes of schools. Since previously each school within the group was a separate school, the study counts each school as a separate charter school. Taking into account multiple school sites operating under a single charter (121), the study estimates that the total number of school sites operating under charters was 1,605 (1,484 + 121) as of September 1999. The column "Total schools closed as of Sept. 1999" reflects the cumulative number of charter schools closed since 1992. The number of schools that opened in the 1998-99 school year is slightly different for some states from the number of schools reported as of September 1998. The 1998-99 column includes several schools that opened later in the 1998-99 school year. | ||||||||||
| Number of Charter Schools Starting in the Year | Total Schools Closed as of Sept. 1999 | New Schools as of Sept. 1999 | Total Schools Operating Sept. 1999 | |||||||
| 1992-93 | 1993-94 | 1994-95 | 1995-96 | 1996-97 | 1997-98 | 1998-99 | ||||
| Total | 2 | 34 | 64 | 154 | 178 | 289 | 401 | 59 | 421 | 1,484 |
| Minnesota | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 3 | 17 | 54 |
| California | - | 28 | 36 | 30 | 21 | 19 | 29 | 9 | 56 | 210 |
| Colorado | - | 1 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 19 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 68 |
| Michigan | - | - | 2 | 41 | 33 | 36 | 24 | 5 | 15 | 146 |
| New Mexico | - | - | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Wisconsin | - | - | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 40 |
| Arizona | - | - | - | 47 | 58 | 45 | 44 | 16 | 44 | 222 |
| Georgia | - | - | - | 3 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 31 |
| Hawaii | - | - | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Massachusetts | - | - | - | 15 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 39 |
| Alaska | - | - | - | - | 2 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 18 |
| Delaware | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| District of Col. | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 17 | 2 | 10 | 28 |
| Florida | - | - | - | - | 5 | 28 | 42 | 4 | 38 | 109 |
| Illinois | - | - | - | - | 1 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 20 |
| Louisiana | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 18 |
| Texas | - | - | - | - | 17 | 21 | 71 | 5 | 64 | 168 |
| Connecticut | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 17 |
| Kansas | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| New Jersey | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | 17 | 0 | 19 | 49 |
| North Carolina | - | - | - | - | - | 34 | 26 | 5 | 23 | 78 |
| Pennsylvania | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 25 | 0 | 17 | 48 |
| Rhode Island | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| South Carolina | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 10 |
| Idaho | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0 | 6 | 8 |
| Mississippi | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Nevada | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ohio | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 0 | 31 | 46 |
| New York | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 5 |
| Missouri | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 15 |
| Utah | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 6 |
| Oklahoma | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 |
| Source: The State of Charter Schools 2000, Fourth-Year Report, January 2000, retrieved April 18, 2002, http://www.ed.gov/. Primary source: The study contacted officials at each state department of education and supplemented their information from a variety of sources, including the Common Core of Data Survey (1997-98), charter school directories, and state charter school resource centers. | ||||||||||
Average Mathematics Proficiency, by Age and Selected Characteristics of Students and by Control of School: 1978 to 1999
| All age groups exclude persons not enrolled in school. These test scores are from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Performers at the 150 level know some basic addition and subtraction facts, and most can add two-digit numbers without regrouping. They recognize simple situations in which addition and subtraction apply. Performers at the 200 level have considerable understanding of two-digit numbers and know some basic multiplication and division facts. Performers at the 250 level have an initial understanding of the four basic operations. They can also compare information from graphs and charts and are developing an ability to analyze simple logical relations. Performers at the 300 level can compute decimals, simple fractions and percents. They can identify geometric figures, measure lengths and angles and calculate areas of rectangles. They are developing the skills to operate with signed numbers, exponents and square roots. Performers at the 350 level can apply a range of reasoning skills to solve multi-step problems. They can solve routine problems involving fractions and percents, recognize properties of basic geometric figures, and work with exponents and square roots. Scale ranges from 0 to 500. | ||||||||
| Selected Characteristics of Students | 1978 | 1982 | 1986 | 1990 | 1992 | 1994 | 1996 | 1999 |
| 9-year-olds | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| Male | 217.4 | 217.1 | 221.7 | 229.1 | 230.8 | 232.2 | 232.9 | 232.9 |
| Female | 219.9 | 220.8 | 221.7 | 230.2 | 228.4 | 230.0 | 229.0 | 231.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 224.1 | 224.0 | 226.9 | 235.2 | 235.1 | 236.8 | 236.9 | 238.8 |
| Black | 192.4 | 194.9 | 201.6 | 208.4 | 208.0 | 212.1 | 211.6 | 210.9 |
| Hispanic | 202.9 | 204.0 | 205.4 | 213.8 | 211.9 | 209.9 | 214.7 | 212.9 |
| Control of school | ||||||||
| Public | 217.2 | 217.0 | 220.1 | 228.6 | 227.7 | 229.3 | 229.7 | 230.6 |
| Private | 230.5 | 231.8 | 230.0 | 238.1 | 241.5 | 244.5 | 239.1 | 242.0 |
| 13-year-olds | ||||||||
| Total | 264.1 | 268.6 | 269.0 | 270.4 | 273.1 | 274.3 | 274.3 | 275.8 |
| Male | 263.6 | 269.2 | 270.0 | 271.2 | 274.1 | 276.0 | 276.3 | 277.2 |
| Female | 264.7 | 268.0 | 267.9 | 269.6 | 272.0 | 272.7 | 272.4 | 274.5 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 271.6 | 274.4 | 273.6 | 276.3 | 278.9 | 280.8 | 281.2 | 283.1 |
| Black | 229.6 | 240.4 | 249.2 | 249.1 | 250.2 | 251.5 | 252.1 | 251.0 |
| Hispanic | 238.0 | 252.4 | 254.3 | 254.6 | 259.3 | 256.0 | 255.7 | 259.2 |
| Control of school | ||||||||
| Public | 262.6 | 267.1 | 268.7 | 269.3 | 271.7 | 273.0 | 272.9 | 274.2 |
| Private | 279.2 | 281.1 | 275.7 | 279.9 | 283.3 | 284.6 | 285.5 | 288.5 |
| 17-year-olds | ||||||||
| Total | 300.4 | 298.5 | 302.0 | 304.6 | 306.7 | 306.2 | 307.2 | 308.2 |
| Male | 303.8 | 301.5 | 304.7 | 306.3 | 308.9 | 308.5 | 309.5 | 309.8 |
| Female | 297.1 | 295.6 | 299.4 | 302.9 | 304.5 | 304.1 | 304.9 | 306.8 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 305.9 | 303.7 | 307.5 | 309.5 | 311.9 | 312.3 | 313.4 | 314.8 |
| Black | 268.4 | 271.8 | 278.6 | 288.5 | 285.8 | 285.5 | 286.4 | 283.3 |
| Hispanic | 276.3 | 276.7 | 283.1 | 283.5 | 292.2 | 290.8 | 292.0 | 292.7 |
| Control of school | ||||||||
| Public | 299.6 | 297.3 | 301.2 | 303.5 | 305.3 | 304.4 | 306.4 | 306.7 |
| Private | 314.3 | 311.4 | 320.1 | 317.7 | 320.4 | 319.4 | 315.5 | 320.6 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP Trends in Academic Progress, various years, by Educational Testing Service, in Digest of Education Statistics 2000, retrieved April 19, 2002, from http://nces.ed.gov/. | ||||||||
Percentage Distribution of Students in Grades 3-12 Who Attended a Chosen or Assigned School, by Child's Race/Ethnicity, Parents' Highest Education Level, and Household Income: 1993, 1996, and 1999
| Upgraded students and homeschoolers were excluded from the estimate. Percentages may not add to 100.0 due to rounding. | |||||||||
| Child Race/Ethnicity, Parent Highest Education, Household Income | 1993 | 1996 | 1999 | ||||||
| Public | Private | Public | Private | Public | Private | ||||
| Assigned | Chosen | Assigned | Chosen | Assigned | Chosen | ||||
| Total | 80.3 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 76.9 | 13.3 | 9.9 | 76.5 | 14.2 | 9.3 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 81.4 | 8.5 | 10.2 | 78.0 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 77.7 | 11.1 | 11.2 |
| Black | 77.4 | 18.9 | 3.7 | 74.2 | 20.8 | 5.1 | 72.0 | 22.5 | 5.6 |
| Hispanic | 79.7 | 13.6 | 6.7 | 76.4 | 16.1 | 7.5 | 77.3 | 18.2 | 4.5 |
| Other | 73.4 | 14.5 | 12.1 | 70.4 | 18.6 | 11.1 | 74.1 | 16.3 | 9.6 |
| Parents' highest education level | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 84.4 | 13.3 | 2.3 | 79.1 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 79.3 | 18.1 | 2.6 |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 83.6 | 11.2 | 5.2 | 83.0 | 11.6 | 5.4 | 81.0 | 13.8 | 5.2 |
| Some college including technical/vocational | 80.1 | 11.1 | 8.8 | 77.0 | 14.6 | 8.4 | 77.9 | 15.1 | 7.0 |
| Bachelor's degree | 76.9 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 71.4 | 13.4 | 15.3 | 72.4 | 12.8 | 14.9 |
| Graduate/advanced degree | 73.1 | 9.9 | 16.9 | 68.3 | 11.3 | 20.4 | 69.2 | 12.5 | 18.3 |
| Household income | |||||||||
| $10,000 or less | 82.9 | 14.0 | 3.0 | 76.6 | 19.5 | 3.9 | 73.7 | 22.2 | 4.1 |
| $10,001-20,000 | 82.3 | 13.9 | 3.8 | 80.0 | 15.3 | 4.7 | 77.4 | 17.9 | 4.8 |
| $20,001-35,000 | 81.8 | 10.6 | 7.7 | 78.7 | 14.0 | 7.4 | 79.4 | 15.1 | 5.4 |
| $35,000-50,000 | 80.4 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 78.0 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 77.4 | 13.2 | 9.4 |
| More than $50,000 | 75.9 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 73.6 | 10.2 | 16.3 | 75.0 | 10.3 | 14.6 |
| Source: The Condition of Education 2001, retrieved April 22, 2002, from http://nces.ed.gov; primary source: NCES, National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES), 1993 (School Safety and Discipline Survey), 1996 (Parent Interview Survey), and 1999 (Parent Interview Survey). | |||||||||
Number of Nonfatal Crimes Against Students Ages 12 Through 18 Occurring at School or on the Way to or From School Per 1,000 Students, by Type of Crime and Selected Student Characteristics: 1992 to 1998
| NA Not reported. Serious violent crimes include rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault. Violent crimes include serious violent crimes and simple assault. Total crimes include violent crimes and theft. "At school" includes inside the school building, on school property, or on the way to or from school. Population sizes are 23,740,295 students ages 12 through 18 in 1992; 26,151,364 in 1996; and 26,806,268 in 1998. Because of rounding or missing data, detail may not add to totals. | ||||||||||||
| 1992 | 1996 | 1998 | ||||||||||
| Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | |
| Student characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Total | 144 | 95 | 48 | 10 | 121 | 78 | 43 | 9 | 101 | 58 | 43 | 9 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 168 | 105 | 64 | 15 | 134 | 78 | 56 | 11 | 111 | 59 | 52 | 10 |
| Female | 117 | 85 | 32 | 5 | 107 | 77 | 30 | 6 | 91 | 58 | 33 | 8 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 12-14 | 172 | 105 | 67 | 16 | 151 | 91 | 60 | 9 | 125 | 65 | 60 | 14 |
| 15-18 | 120 | 87 | 33 | 6 | 119 | 81 | 38 | 9 | 97 | 67 | 30 | 8 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 156 | 105 | 52 | 9 | 129 | 83 | 45 | 7 | 105 | 60 | 45 | 9 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 114 | 67 | 46 | 18 | 105 | 73 | 32 | 12 | 111 | 64 | 48 | 12 |
| Hispanic | 113 | 72 | 41 | 10 | 137 | 74 | 63 | 22 | 109 | 58 | 51 | 15 |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 129 | 110 | 19 | NA | 108 | 72 | 36 | 11 | 89 | 57 | 32 | 4 |
| Urbanicity | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 141 | 92 | 50 | 15 | 126 | 76 | 50 | 14 | 117 | 68 | 49 | 13 |
| Suburban | 155 | 105 | 50 | 10 | 130 | 82 | 48 | 8 | 97 | 56 | 40 | 7 |
[Continued]
Number of Nonfatal Crimes Against Students Ages 12 Through 18 Occurring at School or on the Way to or From School Per 1,000 Students, by Type of Crime and Selected Student Characteristics: 1992 to 1998 [Continued]
| 1992 | 1996 | 1998 | ||||||||||
| Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | Total | Theft | Violent | Serious Violent1 | |
| Rural | 124 | 80 | 44 | 6 | 95 | 71 | 24 | 4 | 93 | 50 | 43 | 11 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| Less than $7,500 | 123 | 65 | 57 | 14 | 86 | 55 | 31 | 8 | 110 | 56 | 53 | 17 |
| $7,500-14,999 | 111 | 65 | 46 | 13 | 92 | 54 | 38 | 9 | 97 | 38 | 59 | 12 |
| $15,000-24,999 | 125 | 60 | 65 | 16 | 120 | 68 | 52 | 15 | 126 | 64 | 62 | 10 |
| $25,000-34,999 | 137 | 94 | 43 | 5 | 130 | 78 | 52 | 10 | 102 | 50 | 52 | 15 |
| $35,000-49,999 | 180 | 133 | 47 | 9 | 131 | 84 | 48 | 9 | 86 | 57 | 29 | 6 |
| $50,000-74,999 | 150 | 119 | 31 | 4 | 138 | 95 | 43 | 7 | 110 | 68 | 42 | 10 |
| $75,000 or more | 206 | 136 | 70 | 17 | 139 | 104 | 35 | 5 | 112 | 75 | 37 | 6 |
| Source: U.S. Departments of Education and Justice, Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2000, retrieved April 24, 2002, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/. Note: 1. Serious violent crimes are also included in violent crimes. | ||||||||||||
Percentage of Students Ages 12 Through 18 Who Reported Fearing Being Attacked or Harmed at School or on the Way to and From School During the Previous 6 Months, by Selected Student Characteristics: 1989, 1995, and 1999
| Comparisons between the 1989 data and the 1995 and 1999 data should be made with caution due to changes in the questionnaire. "At school" means in the school building, on the school grounds, or on a school bus. Population sizes are 21,554,000 students ages 12 through 19 in 1989, 23,601,000 students ages 12 through 18 in 1995, and 24,614,000 students ages 12 through 18 in 1999. | ||||||
| Feared Attack/Harm at School1 | Feared Attack/Harm Going to School1 | |||||
| 19892 | 1995 | 1999 | 19892 | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Student Characteristics | ||||||
| Total | 5.5 | 8.6 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 6.5 | 3.9 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 5.7 | 8.3 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 3.4 |
| Female | 5.4 | 8.9 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 7.9 | 4.5 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 4.4 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 2.1 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 6.8 | 13.4 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 13.1 | 8.2 |
| Hispanic | 11.4 | 15.5 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 13.4 | 7.6 |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 8.0 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 3.8 |
| Grade | ||||||
| 6th | 8.8 | 11.8 | 9.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 4.7 |
| 7th | 9.4 | 11 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 8.9 | 4.7 |
| 8th | 5.4 | 9.2 | 6 | 3.9 | 6.9 | 3.8 |
| 9th | 5.0 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 3.6 |
| 10th | 5.0 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 6.3 | 4.4 |
| 11th | 3.4 | 5.8 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 3.0 |
| 12th | 2.5 | 5.9 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 3.2 |
| Urbanicity | ||||||
| Urban | 7.5 | 12.3 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 11.7.0 | 7.5 |
| Suburban | 4.8 | 7.4.0 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 2.9 |
[Continued]
Percentage of Students Ages 12 Through 18 Who Reported Fearing Being Attacked or Harmed at School or on the Way to and From School During the Previous 6 Months, by Selected Student Characteristics: 1989, 1995, and 1999 [Continued]
| Feared Attack/Harm at School1 | Feared Attack/Harm Going to School1 | |||||
| 19892 | 1995 | 1999 | 19892 | 1995 | 1999 | |
| Rural | 4.8 | 7.0 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 1.8 |
| Control | ||||||
| Public | 5.9 | 9.1 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 4.0 |
| Private | 1.7 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 2.8 |
| Source: U.S. Departments of Education and Justice, Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2000, retrieved April 24, 2002, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/. Notes: 1. Includes students who reported that they sometimes or most of the time feared being victimized in this way. 2. Students ages 12 through 19. | ||||||
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