Trends in Educational Funding: Data Presentation

Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds (Thousands of Dollars): 1919-20 to 1998-99

Beginning in 1980-81, revenues for state education agencies are excluded. Beginning in 1988-89 data reflect new survey collection procedures and may not be entirely comparable with figures for earlier years. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.
	Total	Federal	State	Local (including intermed.)1
School year
1919-20	970,121	2,475	160,085	807,561
1929-30	2,088,557	7,334	353,670	1,727,553
1939-40	2,260,527	39,810	684,354	1,536,363
1941-42	2,416,580	34,305	759,993	1,622,281
1943-44	2,604,322	35,886	859,183	1,709,253
1945-46	3,059,845	41,378	1,062,057	1,956,409
1947-48	4,311,534	120,270	1,676,362	2,514,902
1949-50	5,437,044	155,848	2,165,689	3,115,507
1951-52	6,423,816	227,711	2,478,596	3,717,507
1953-54	7,866,852	355,237	2,944,103	4,567,512
1955-56	9,686,677	441,442	3,828,886	5,416,350
1957-58	12,181,513	486,484	4,800,368	6,894,661
1959-60	14,746,618	651,639	5,768,047	8,326,932
1961-62	17,527,707	760,975	6,789,190	9,977,542
1963-64	20,544,182	896,956	8,078,014	11,569,213
1965-66	25,356,858	1,996,954	9,920,219	13,439,686
1967-68	31,903,064	2,806,469	12,275,536	16,821,063
1969-70	40,266,923	3,219,557	16,062,776	20,984,589
1970-71	44,511,292	3,753,461	17,409,086	23,348,745
1971-72	50,003,645	4,467,969	19,133,256	26,402,420
1972-73	52,117,930	4,525,000	20,699,752	26,893,180
1973-74	58,230,892	4,930,351	24,113,409	29,187,132
1974-75	64,445,239	5,811,595	27,060,563	31,573,079
1975-76	71,206,073	6,318,345	31,602,885	33,284,840
1976-77	75,322,532	6,629,498	32,526,018	36,137,018
1977-78	81,443,160	7,694,194	35,013,266	38,735,700
1978-79	87,994,143	8,600,116	40,132,136	39,261,891
1979-80	96,881,165	9,503,537	45,348,814	42,028,813

[Continued]

Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds (Thousands of Dollars): 1919-20 to 1998-99 [Continued]

	Total	Federal	State	Local (including intermed.)1
1980-81	105,949,087	9,768,262	50,182,659	45,998,166
1981-82	110,191,257	8,186,466	52,436,435	49,568,356
1982-83	117,497,502	8,339,990	56,282,157	52,875,354
1983-84	126,055,419	8,576,547	60,232,981	57,245,892
1984-85	137,294,678	9,105,569	67,168,684	61,020,425
1985-86	149,127,779	9,975,622	73,619,575	65,532,582
1986-87	158,523,693	10,146,013	78,830,437	69,547,243
1987-88	169,561,974	10,716,687	84,004,415	74,840,873
1988-89	192,016,374	11,902,001	91,768,911	88,345,462
1989-90	208,547,573	12,700,784	98,238,633	97,608,157
1990-91	223,340,537	13,776,066	105,324,533	104,239,939
1991-92	234,581,384	15,493,330	108,783,449	110,304,605
1992-93	247,626,168	17,261,252	113,403,436	116,961,481
1993-94	260,159,468	18,341,483	117,474,209	124,343,776
1994-95	273,149,449	18,582,157	127,729,576	126,837,717
1995-96	287,702,844	19,104,019	136,670,754	131,928,071
1996-97	305,065,192	20,081,287	146,435,584	138,548,321
1997-982	325,925,708	22,201,965	157,645,372	146,078,370
1998-99	347,329,664	24,521,817	169,298,232	153,509,615
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. Retrieved May 24, 2002, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/tables/dt157.asp Notes: 1. Includes a relatively small amount from nongovernmental private sources (gifts and tuition and transportation fees from patrons). These sources accounted for 2.5% of total revenues in 1998-99.

Public Financial Support: Indicators of Public Effort to Fund Education, by Level: Selected School Years Ending 1930-97

In constant 1998 dollars. NA Not available.
	Per Capita Personal Income	Public Education		Per Student Revenue as a Percentage of Per Capita Personal Income
		Revenue per Student
		Elementary/Secondary	Postsecondary Education	Elementary/Secondary	Postsecondary Education
School Year Ending
1930	6,609	709	1,490	10.7	22.5
1940	6,958	949	1,671	13.6	24.0
1950	9,536	1,325	2,745	13.9	28.8
1960	12,784	2,021	3,881	15.8	30.4

[Continued]

Public Financial Support: Indicators of Public Effort to Fund Education, by Level: Selected School Years Ending 1930-97 [Continued]

	Per Capita Personal Income	Public Education		Per Student Revenue as a Percentage of Per Capita Personal Income
		Revenue per Student
		Elementary/Secondary	Postsecondary Education	Elementary/Secondary	Postsecondary Education
1966	15,703	2,697	4,923	17.2	31.3
1970	17,340	3,435	5,390	19.8	31.1
1980	20,153	4,400	4,742	21.8	23.5
1984	21,506	4,531	4,492	21.1	20.9
1988	23,723	5,293	5,225	22.3	22.0
1992	24,169	5,910	4,929	24.5	20.4
1994	24,538	5,982	5,043	24.4	20.6
1996	25,376	6,066	5,223	23.9	20.6
1997	25,954	6,145	NA	23.7	NA
Source: NCES, The Condition of Education 2000, Table 62-1; primary source: Digest of Education Statistics 1999 and 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait, retrieved May 2, 2002, from http://nces.ed.gov

Finances of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems by Enrollment-Size Group: 1997-98

Data are in millions of dollars (327,202 represents $327,202,000,000), except as indicated. Data are estimates, subject to sampling variability.
	All school systems	School Systems With Enrollment of
		50,000 or more	25,000 to 49,999	15,000 to 24,999	7,500 to 14,999	5,000 to 7,499	3000 to 4,999	Under 3,000
Fall enrollment (1,000)	46,127	9,113	5,302	4,431	6,896	4,219	5,427	10,738
General revenue	327,202	64,456	35,698	28,854	48,238	30,513	39,100	80,343
From federal sources	21,790	5,338	2,474	1,782	2,946	1,634	2,108	5,508
Through state	19,753	4,972	2,277	1,653	2,612	1,513	1,889	4,838
Compensatory programs	6,995	2,036	811	592	915	519	653	1,469
Handicapped programs	2,790	476	292	238	400	235	273	875
Child nutrition programs	5,961	1,623	761	556	809	475	585	1,154
Direct	2,037	366	197	130	334	121	219	670
From state sources1	160,178	30,978	18,535	15,940	24,184	14,063	17,586	38,893
General formula assistance	112,205	19,549	12,550	11,556	17,246	10,091	12,942	28,271
Handicapped programs	9,426	2,056	1,185	861	1,380	760	909	2,274
From local sources	145,234	28,140	14,689	11,132	21,108	14,816	19,406	35,942
Taxes	97,932	14,754	10,051	7,291	14,780	10,856	14,004	26,196
Contributions from parent government	24,369	9,839	2,114	1,862	3,012	1,866	2,570	3,107
From other local governments	3,047	382	285	196	285	233	441	1,225
Current charges	8,653	1,336	905	770	1,313	824	1,088	2,416
School lunch	4,770	671	508	456	770	492	652	1,220
Other	11,233	1,828	1,335	1,014	1,718	1,037	1,303	2,998
General expenditure	331,445	65,157	35,965	29,110	48,607	30,997	39,777	81,833
Current spending	287,075	56,989	30,774	25,000	42,101	26,801	34,171	71,239

[Continued]

Finances of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems by Enrollment-Size Group: 1997-98 [Continued]

	All school systems	School Systems With Enrollment of
		50,000 or more	25,000 to 49,999	15,000 to 24,999	7,500 to 14,999	5,000 to 7,499	3000 to 4,999	Under 3,000
By function: Instruction	174,709	34,955	18,494	15,306	25,871	16,567	21,117	42,398
Support services	96,100	18,390	10,405	8,199	13,859	8,848	11,283	25,115
Other current spending	16,267	3,643	1,875	1,495	2,372	1,385	1,771	3,726
By object: Total salaries and wages	186,092	36,769	20,416	16,609	27,644	17,662	22,354	44,638
Total employee benefits	48,626	10,284	5,146	4,218	7,373	4,544	5,712	11,348
Other	52,357	9,936	5,213	4,172	7,085	4,594	6,104	15,253
Capital outlay	35,874	6,659	4,322	3,403	5,248	3,333	4,453	8,456
Interest on debt	7,402	1,480	821	664	1,079	695	1,016	1,648
Payments to other governments	1,094	28	48	43	178	168	137	491
Debt outstanding	144,057	28,024	15,279	12,964	21,378	13,974	20,258	32,180
Long-term.	141,591	27,944	15,131	12,815	21,045	13,744	19,823	31,088
Short-term	2,466	80	147	149	333	230	435	1,092
Long-term debt issued	32,648	5,502	3,027	2,747	5,307	3,748	5,317	7,000
Long-term debt retired	15,573	3,192	1,402	1,064	2,515	1,663	2,354	3,383
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, Table 241; primary source: U.S. Census Bureau, Internet site http://www.census.gov/govs/www/school.html. Note: 1. Includes other sources, not shown separately.

States Ranked According to Per Pupil Elementary-Secondary Public School System Finance Amounts: 1998-99

(Dollars. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.)
	Elementary-Secondary Revenue				Current Spending for Selected Categories
					Total1	Instruction			General Administration	School Administration
	Total	From Federal Sources	From State Sources	From Local Sources		Total1	Salaries Only	Benefits Only
	US 7,504	US 520	US 3,715	US 3,269	US 6,458	US 3,979	US 2,897	US 729	US 130	US 370
1	NJ 11,430	DC 1,711	VT 6,442	DC 8,834	NJ 10,230	NY 6,369	NY 4,757	NY 1,244	AK 439	DC 651
2	DC 10,545	AK 1,382	HI 6,205	NJ 6,383	DC 9,645	NJ 6,225	NJ 4,353	NJ 1,137	NJ 287	NJ 549
3	NY 10,448	NM 844	DE 5,709	NH 6,140	NY 9,373	CT 5,537	CT 4,050	IN 1,115	ND 263	MD 520
4	CT 9,864	ND 801	MI 5,534	CT 5,673	CT 8,632	MA 5,424	RI 3,746	WI 1,113	NH 243	VT 508
5	AK 9,182	MT 720	AK 5,468	NY 5,443	AK 8,472	AK 5,208	MA 3,692	RI 1,104	IL 221	AK 499
6	RI 8,733	HI 694	WA 4,706	PA 4,787	MA 8,106	RI 5,120	AK 3,471	WV 1,092	PA 221	CT 488
7	DE 8,659	LA 693	NJ 4,626	RI 4,555	RI 7,878	VT 4,837	VT 3,412	ME 1,073	NE 215	MI 442
8	MA 8,647	MS 676	WI 4,606	MA 4,505	VT 7,541	ME 4,738	PA 3,410	MD 1,043	KS 212	OR 431
9	PA 8,576	SD 640	NM 4,593	MD 4,499	DE 7,536	PA 4,714	DC 3,345	DE 993	VT 208	CA 424
10	MI 8,535	WV 635	WV 4,557	IL 4,480	PA 7,502	DE 4,678	DE 3,225	CT 990	OK 200	ME 416
11	VT 8,471	NY 624	MN 4,523	NE 4,136	WI 7,413	WI 4,642	WI 3,188	MA 973	NY 195	NV 405
12	WI 8,385	WY 609	KS 4,431	OH 4,140	MI 7,234	DC 4,370	ME 3,154	MI 952	WI 194	WY 403
13	WY 8,181	CA 607	NC 4,430	ME 3,856	MD 7,176	MD 4,349	MN 3,145	AK 948	MN 183	DE 402
14	MD 8,133	MI 592	AR 4,427	VA 3,827	ME 7,119	MN 4,230	MD 3,035	OR 905	AR 181	HI 399
15	IN 8,046	AZ 584	NY 4,381	IN 3,525	WY 6,836	MI 4,198	IL 3,016	PA 894	IA 179	OH 392
16	MN 7,860	KY 579	WY 4,287	CO 3,520	OR 6,809	NH 4,197	NH 2,993	WY 843	SD 177	KS 392
17	IL 7,838	TX 548	NV 4,258	WI 3,410	IL 6,760	WY 4,101	MI 2,958	VT 819	MT 174	RI 392
18	OH 7,812	DE 543	OR 4,237	SD 3,335	MN 6,674	WV 4,090	WY 2,891	VA 781	CT 173	NY 386
19	ME 7,783	FL 542	IN 4,140	TX 3,309	WV 6,626	IL 4,079	VA 2,852	GA 765	DC 171	WI 385
20	OR 7,452	IL 542	CA 3,998	WY 3,285	IN 6,625	IN 4,072	HI 2,825	WA 747	MO 171	CO 385
21	NE 7,423	OK 530	KY 3,942	GA 3,251	OH 6,572	OR 4,024	IN 2,825	MN 736	WV 170	IN 379
22	GA 7,405	AL 526	CT 3,808	MO 3,092	NH 6,373	VA 3,879	GA 2,818	OH 732	MI 168	VA 379
23	WV 7,360	OR 524	FL 3,730	IA 3,077	VA 6,285	NE 3,874	OH 2,791	FL 715	RI 167	NC 376

[Continued]

States Ranked According to Per Pupil Elementary-Secondary Public School System Finance Amounts: 1998-99 [Continued]

	Elementary-Secondary Revenue				Current Spending for Selected Categories
					Total1	Instruction			General Administration	School Administration
	Total	From Federal Sources	From State Sources	From Local Sources		Total1	Salaries Only	Benefits Only
24	VA 7,325	NE 519	MA 3,712	FL 3,040	IA 6,229	OH 3,862	WV 2,779	HI 713	OH 164	WA 371
25	FL 7,312	SC 515	AL 3,680	ND 3,022	WA 6,116	HI 3,818	IA 2,745	NE 703	KY 162	WV 370
26	WA 7,254	AR 514	RI 3,674	MN 2,961	HI 6,082	GA 3,803	TX 2,704	MT 696	OR 157	MA 368
27	KS 7,133	PA 506	GA 3,674	MT 2,891	GA 6,074	MT 3,691	MO 2,697	NV 693	WY 145	GA 364
28	HI 7,062	RI 503	IA 3,565	AZ 2,704	NE 6,016	WA 3,651	NC 2,683	IL 687	ME 145	NH 358
29	NH 7,048	VT 502	ID 3,546	OR 2,691	KS 5,919	IA 3,645	NE 2,655	IA 665	MA 145	FL 356
30	IA 7,015	WA 487	ME 3,506	SC 2,611	MT 5,880	MO 3,577	MT 2,653	UT 664	NM 143	IL 354
31	CA 6,811	GA 480	OK 3,434	TN 2,487	CO 5,876	CA 3,539	KS 2,641	LA 658	MS 141	MO 349
32	MO 6,779	TN 462	SC 3,429	MI 2,409	CA 5,797	NC 3,534	OR 2,636	NH 650	AL 139	SC 346
33	NC 6,754	NC 444	PA 3,283	DE 2,407	MO 5,787	CO 3,436	CA 2,587	ND 630	ID 121	IA 326
34	CO 6,722	MD 442	OH 3,280	AK 2,332	FL 5,651	TX 3,418	KY 2,582	ID 619	IN 119	PA 325
35	NV 6,703	MO 441	MO 3,245	KS 2,274	SC 5,647	KY 3,411	CO 2,556	SC 604	LA 117	AL 317
36	TX 6,595	MA 430	MD 3,192	LA 2,266	TX 5,632	KS 3,368	WA 2,533	NC 600	NC 110	KY 317
37	SC 6,555	OH 428	VA 3,125	CA 2,205	KY 5,628	SC 3,345	SC 2,472	CA 590	TN 98	NE 314
38	MT 6,525	KS 427	UT 3,079	WV 2,168	NC 5,623	NV 3,339	NV 2,449	KY 590	TX 98	MT 314
39	KY 6,384	NJ 421	LA 3,076	NV 2,149	NV 5,576	TN 3,323	AL 2,442	NM 554	CO 93	TX 313
40	ND 6,321	ME 421	MT 2,915	WA 2,061	LA 5,420	ND 3,314	LA 2,410	TN 517	WA 89	NM 303
41	NM 6,290	ID 395	CO 2,866	OK 2,054	NM 5,417	LA 3,313	ND 2,399	AR 516	NV 83	LA 301
42	SD 6,206	CT 383	IL 2,816	NC 1,881	ND 5,411	FL 3,256	TN 2,390	OK 516	AZ 82	ID 297
43	LA 6,036	IN 382	NE 2,768	KY 1,863	OK 5,255	SD 3,208	SD 2,336	DC 507	DE 81	AR 295
44	OK 6,019	MN 376	TX 2,738	ID 1,797	AR 5,205	AL 3,208	NM 2,268	MO 503	GA 80	OK 282
45	AL 5,972	IA 373	MS 2,737	AL 1,767	AL 5,184	AR 3,150	AR 2,248	SD 496	SC 73	MN 276
46	AZ 5,952	VA 372	AZ 2,664	MS 1,622	SD 5,175	ID 3,119	FL 2,230	KS 487	FL 65	AZ 270
47	AR 5,867	WI 368	TN 2,617	UT 1,597	TN 5,109	OK 3,078	ID 2,213	AL 485	VA 63	SD 267
48	ID 5,739	UT 362	ND 2,498	VT 1,527	ID 5,009	NM 3,037	OK 2,155	MS 480	MD 60	TN 263
49	TN 5,566	CO 336	SD 2,232	AR 927	AZ 4,629	MS 2,742	AZ 2,059	CO 462	UT 43	ND 260
50	UT 5,038	NV 296	NH 624	NM 854	MS 4,544	UT 2,732	MS 2,021	AZ 378	HI 39	MS 255
51	MS 5,034	NH 284	DC -	HI 163	UT 4,169	AZ 2,679	UT 1,871	TX 358	CA 35	UT 247
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of Government Finances, Table 11, retrieved May 3, 2002, from http://www.census.gov/govs/www/school99.html Notes: 1. Includes amounts not shown separately. Revenue from and expenditure to other school systems are excluded to avoid double counting. Expenditure for adult education, community services, and other nonelementary-secondary programs are also excluded. Some data appear under local sources for Hawaii's state-operated school system for consistency with data presented for all other school systems.

Per Pupil Expenditures in 10 Michigan School Districts: 1994 and 2001

District	1994 Dollars Per Student	2001 Dollars Per Student	1994-2001 Percent Change
Pinckney	4,403	6,500	48
Hamtramck	4,536	6,500	44
Fowlerville	4,534	6,500	43
Brandon	4,719	6,500	38
Richmond	4,758	6,500	37
Bloomfield Hills	10,294	11,755	14
Birmingham	10,217	11,678	14
Southfield	9,298	10,759	16

[Continued]

Per Pupil Expenditures in 10 Michigan School Districts: 1994 and 2001 [Continued]

District	1994 Dollars Per Student	2001 Dollars Per Student	1994-2001 Percent Change
Lamphere	8,777	10,237	17
Farmington	8,407	9,868	17
Source: Jodi Upton et al., "Wealthy districts hit hardest," The Detroit News, retrieved April 30, 2002, from http://detnews.com.

Number of Children 3 to 5 Years Old, Number Enrolled in Preprimary Education, Number Enrolled in Head Start, and Number of Children Under 6 in Poverty: 1965-2001

NA Not Available.
	Total Children Age 3-5	Enrolled in Preprimary Education	Enrolled in Head Start	Under 6 in Poverty
1965	12,549,000	3,407,000	561,000	NA
1970	10,949,000	4,104,000	477,400	3,561,000
1975	10,185,000	4,955,000	349,000	3,460,000
1980	9,284,000	4,878,000	349,000	3,986,000
1983	10,254,000	5,384,000	414,950	5,164,000
1984	10,612,000	5,480,000	442,140	4,938,000
1985	10,733,000	5,865,000	452,080	4,832,000
1986	10,866,000	5,081,000	451,732	4,619,000
1987	10,872,000	5,931,000	446,523	4,818,000
1988	10,993,000	5,978,000	448,464	4,800,000
1989	11,039,000	6,026,000	450,970	4,868,000
1990	11,207,000	6,569,000	540,930	5,198,000
1991	11,370,000	6,334,000	583,471	5,483,000
1992	11,545,000	6,402,000	621,078	6,082,000
1993	11,954,000	6,581,000	713,903	6,097,000
1994	12,328,000	7,514,000	740,493	5,878,000
1995	12,518,000	7,739,000	750,696	5,670,000
1996	12,378,000	7,580,000	752,077	5,333,000
1997	12,121,000	7,861,000	793,809	5,049,000
1998	12,078,000	7,788,000	822,316	4,775,000
1999	11,920,000	7,844,000	826,016	4,170,000

[Continued]

Number of Children 3 to 5 Years Old, Number Enrolled in Preprimary Education, Number Enrolled in Head Start, and Number of Children Under 6 in Poverty: 1965-2001 [Continued]

	Total Children Age 3-5	Enrolled in Preprimary Education	Enrolled in Head Start	Under 6 in Poverty
2000	NA	11,419,000	857,664	3,917,000
2001	NA	11,392,000	905,235	NA
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Table 225. Primary Source: U.S Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-533; Current Population Survey Poverty and Health Statistics Branch/HHES Division. Head Start data retrieved May 21, 2002, from http://www2.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb/research. Poverty data retrieved May 15, 2002, from http://wwwcensusgov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov20html.

Head Start Enrollment History

Fiscal Year	Enrollment	Appropriation ($)
1965	561,000	96,400,000
1966	733,000	198,900,000
1967	681,400	349,200,000
1968	693,900	316,200,000
1969	663,600	333,900,000
1970	477,400	325,700,000
1971	397,500	360,000,000
1972	379,000	376,300,000
1973	379,000	400,700,000
1974	352,800	403,900,000
1975	349,000	403,900,000
1976	349,000	441,000,000
1977	333,000	475,000,000
1978	391,400	625,000,000
1979	387,500	680,000,000
1980	376,300	735,000,000
1981	387,300	818,700,000
1982	395,800	911,700,000
1983	414,950	912,000,000
1984	442,140	995,750,000
1985	452,080	1,075,059,000
1986	451,732	1,040,315,000
1987	446,523	1,130,542,000
1988	448,464	1,206,324,000
1989	450,970	1,235,000,000
1990	540,930	1,552,000,000
1991	583,471	1,951,800,000
1992	621,078	2,201,800,000

[Continued]

Head Start Enrollment History [Continued]

Fiscal Year	Enrollment	Appropriation ($)
1993	713,903	2,776,286,000
1994	740,493	3,325,728,000
1995	750,696	3,534,128,000
1996	752,077	3,569,329,000
1997	793,809	3,980,546,000
1998	822,316	4,347,433,000
1999	826,016	4,658,151,448
2000	857,664	5,267,000,000
2001	905,235	6,200,000,000
Source: Head Start data, retrieved May 15, 2002, from http://www2.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb/research

President's Education Budget: Budget for 21st Century Learning Centers: 1994-2002

	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
Budget ($000)	825	130	190	350	370	370	480	845,614	1,000,000
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Education Budget History Table, retrieved May 15, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/budnews.html#statetables.